Olinvyk

Important Dosage and Administration Instructions

For intravenous administration only.

OLINVYK should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable about the use of opioids and how to mitigate the associated risks.

Individual single doses greater than 3 mg have not been evaluated.

The cumulative daily dose should not exceed 27 mg.

OLINVYK 30 mg/30 mL (1mg/mL) vial is intended for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use only.  Draw OLINVYK directly from the vial into the PCA syringe or IV bag without diluting.

Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see Warnings and Precautions ]. Because the risk of overdose increases as opioid doses increase, reserve titration to higher doses of OLINVYK for patients in whom lower doses are insufficiently effective and in whom the expected benefits of using a higher dose opioid clearly outweigh the substantial risks.

Use of OLINVYK beyond 48 hours has not been studied in controlled clinical trials.  

There is variability in opioid analgesic dose and duration needed to adequately manage pain due both to the cause of pain and to individual patient factors. Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's underlying cause and severity of pain, prior analgesic treatment and response, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse ( 5.1)].

Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially when initiating and following dosage increases with OLINVYK. Consider this risk when selecting an initial dose and when making dose adjustments [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5)].

Inspect OLINVYK for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.  The solution is a clear, colorless, preservative free solution for intravenous use. If visibly opaque particles, discoloration, or other foreign particles are observed, do not use.

Initial Dosage

OLINVYK can be administered by a healthcare provider with an initial dose of 1.5 mg.  For PCA, the initial dose can be followed by access to patient demand doses with a 6-minute lock-out.  The recommended demand dose is 0.35 mg.  A demand dose of 0.5 mg may be considered for some patients if the potential benefit outweighs the risks. Supplemental doses of 0.75 mg OLINVYK can be administered by healthcare providers, beginning 1 hour after the initial dose, and hourly thereafter as needed.

Onset of analgesic effect is expected within 2 to 5 minutes after the initial dose [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2)].

Do not administer single doses greater than 3 mg [see Adverse Reactions ].

The cumulative total daily dose should not exceed 27 mg. If patients reach a 27 mg cumulative daily dose and analgesia is still required, an alternative analgesic regimen should be administered until OLINVYK can be resumed the next day.  Alternative analgesia may include multi-modal therapies. The safety of OLINVYK beyond 48 hours of use was not evaluated in controlled clinical trials [see Warnings and Precautions ].

Conversion Between Morphine Intravenous Injection and OLINVYK Intravenous Injection

Based on data collected in clinical studies, an initial 1 mg dose of OLINVYK is approximately equipotent to morphine 5 mg [see Clinical Pharmacology ].  As individual patients differ in their response to opioid drugs, this comparison should be used only as a guide.

Titration and Maintenance of Therapy

Titrate the dose based upon the individual patient’s response to their initial dose of OLINVYK. Individually titrate OLINVYK to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions.  Continually reevaluate patients receiving OLINVYK to assess the maintenance of pain control, signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, and other adverse reactions, as well as to reassess for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ].  Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration.

If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the OLINVYK dosage.  If after increasing the dosage, unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed (including an increase in pain after a dosage increase), consider reducing the dosage [see Warnings and Precautions ].  Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.

Safe Reduction or Discontinuation of OLINVYK

When a patient who has been taking opioids regularly and may be physically dependent no longer requires therapy with OLINVYK, taper the dose gradually while regularly evaluating for signs and symptoms of withdrawal.  If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both.  Do not abruptly discontinue OLINVYK in a physically-dependent patient [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3); Nonclinical Toxicology ].

Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Use of opioid analgesics for an extended period of time during pregnancy may result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ].  There are no available data on OLINVYK use in pregnant women to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects and miscarriage or adverse maternal outcomes.  There are adverse outcomes reported within detal exposure to opioid analgesics (see Clinical Considerations).

In animal reproductive studies, oliceridine reduced live litter size at birth and increased postnatal pup mortality between birth and Postnatal Day 4 when administered intravenously to rats from organogenesis through weaning at doses producing clinically relevant plasma exposure.  Oliceridine had no effect on embryo-fetal development in rats and rabbits when administered intravenously during organogenesis at doses producing plasma exposures 7 and 8 times the estimated plasma exposure at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) on an AUC basis, respectively (see Data).

The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Use of opioid analgesics for an extended period of time during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high-pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight.  The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn.  Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions ].

Labor or Delivery

Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates.  An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, should be available for reversal of opioid induced respiratory depression in the neonate.  OLINVYK is not recommended for use in pregnant women during and immediately prior to labor, when other analgesic techniques are more appropriate.  Opioid analgesics can prolong labor through actions that temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions.  However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilatation, which tends to shorten labor.  Monitor neonates exposed to OLINVYK during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.

Data

Animal Data

Oliceridine administered via continuous intravenous infusion during the period of embryofetal organogenesis at doses of 6, 12, or 24 mg/kg/day to pregnant rats from Gestation Day (GD) 6 to 20 and 1.5, 3, or 6 mg/kg/day to pregnant rabbits from GD 7 to 29 had no effect on embryonic development at exposures 7 (rats) to 8 times (rabbits) the estimated plasma exposure at the MRHD of 27 mg/day on an AUC basis. Maternal toxicity (reduced body weight gain) was observed at ≥12 mg/kg/day in rats and at 6 mg/kg/day in rabbits.

In a pre−and post−natal development study in rats, oliceridine administered via continuous intravenous infusion at doses of 0.6, 2.4, and 6.0 mg/kg/day from Gestation Day 6 through Lactation Day 21 resulted in reduced live litter size at birth at 1.5 times the estimated plasma exposure at the MRHD on an AUC basis and lower pup survival between birth and Postnatal Day 4 at 0.6 times the estimated plasma exposure at the MRHD on an AUC basis.

Lactation

Risk Summary

It is not known whether oliceridine is present in human milk.  The effects of oliceridine on a breastfeeding infant and on milk production have not been evaluated. 

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for OLINVYK and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from OLINVYK or from the underlying maternal condition.

Clinical Considerations

Monitor infants exposed to OLINVYK through breast milk for excess sedation and respiratory depression.  Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid analgesic is stopped or when breastfeeding is stopped.

Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Infertility

Human Data

Use of opioids for an extended period of time may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Adverse Reactions , Clinical Pharmacology ].

Animal Data

Oliceridine administered intravenously for 14 days prior to cohabitation and administered through GD15 caused prolonged estrous cycle lengths and decreased the number of implantations and viable embryos in female rats at doses producing plasma exposures ≥ 3 times the MRHD on an AUC basis [see Nonclinical Toxicology ].

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of OLINVYK in pediatric patients has not been established.

Geriatric Use

Controlled clinical studies of OLINVYK did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Elderly patients (aged 65 years or older) may have increased sensitivity to OLINVYK.  In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration.  Titrate the dosage of OLINVYK slowly in geriatric patients and monitor for signs of central nervous system and respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8)].

Renal Impairment

In patients with end-stage renal disease, there was no clinically significant change in oliceridine clearance.  Therefore, dosage adjustment of OLINVYK in patients with renal impairment is not required [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)].

Hepatic Impairment

In patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, no adjustment of the initial dose is needed; however, these patients may require less frequent dosing.  When using OLINVYK in patients with severe hepatic impairment, consider reducing the initial dose, and administer subsequent doses only after a careful review of the patient’s severity of pain and overall clinical status [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)].

 Poor Metabolizers of CYP2D6 Substrates

In patients who are known or suspected to be poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, based on genotype or previous history/experience with other CYP2D6 substrates, less frequent dosing of OLINVYK may be required.  These patients should be closely monitored, and subsequent doses should be based on the patient’s severity of pain and response to treatment.  [See Warnings and Precautions ; Clinical Pharmacology ].

Addiction, Abuse, andMisuse

OLINVYK contains oliceridine, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, OLINVYK exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse and Dependence ].

Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed OLINVYK.  Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused [see Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9)].

Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing OLINVYK, and monitor all patients receiving OLINVYK for the development of these behaviors or conditions.  Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression).  The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient.  Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as OLINVYK, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of OLINVYK along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse.

Opioids are sought for nonmedical use and are subject to diversion from legitimate prescribed use.  Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing OLINVYK. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity.  Contact local state professional licensing board or state-controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.

Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression

Serious, life-threatening respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death.  Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status [see Overdosage ( 10.2)].  Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.

While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of opioids, the risk is greatest during initiation of therapy or following a dose increase.  Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially when initiating therapy with OLINVYK and following dosage increases.

To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing of OLINVYK is essential [see Dosage and Administration ( 2)].  Overestimating the OLINVYK dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in fatal overdose with the first dose.

Opioids can cause sleep-related breathing disorders including central sleep apnea (CSA) and sleep-related hypoxemia.  Opioid use increases the risk of CSA in a dose-dependent fashion.  In patients who present with CSA, consider decreasing the opioid dosage using best practices for opioid taper.

Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNSDepressants

Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from the concomitant use of OLINVYK with benzodiazepines and/or other CNS depressants, including alcohol (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, or alcohol). Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.

Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone.  Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics [see Drug Interactions ( 7)].

If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use.  In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic, and titrate based on clinical response. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.

Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

Use of OLINVYK for an extended period of time during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life‑threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts.  Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly.  Advise women using opioids for an extended period of time of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that management by neonatology experts will be available at delivery [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)].

 Potential for QT prolongation with Daily Dosesexceeding 27 mg

The effect of oliceridine on cardiac physiology was studied in single and multiple-dose thorough QT studies.  The multiple-dose study was conducted with a maximum daily cumulative dose of 27 mg.  In both studies, there was mild QTc interval prolongation. In the multiple-dose study, the maximum mean ΔΔQTcI was 11.7 ms (two-sided 90% UCI 14.7 ms) at 9 hours.  The effect on QT prolongation at total cumulative daily doses >27 mg has not been studied in a thorough QT study [see Clinical Pharmacology ]. Total cumulative daily doses exceeding 27 mg per day may increase the risk for QTc interval prolongation. Therefore, the cumulative total daily dose of OLINVYK should not exceed 27 mg [see Dosage and Administration ].

 Riskof Use in Patients with Decreased Cytochrome P450 2D6 Function or ConcomitantUse or Discontinuation with Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers

Risk of Increased Oliceridine Plasma Concentrations

Increased plasma concentrations of oliceridine, which may result in prolonged opioid adverse reactions and exacerbated respiratory depression, may occur when OLINVYK is used under the following conditions:

• In patients with decreased Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 function (poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 or normal metabolizers taking moderate or strong CYP2D6 inhibitors) [See Drug Interactions ; Use in Specific Populations ].
• In patients taking a moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
• In patients with decreased CYP2D6 function who are also receiving a moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
• Discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inducer

These patients may require less frequent dosing of OLINVYK.  Closely monitor these patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals and base subsequent doses of OLINVYK on the patient’s severity of pain and response to treatment. [see Drug Interactions , Use in Specific Populations , Clinical Pharmacology ].

 Risk of Lower than Expected Oliceridine Plasma Concentrations

Lower than expected concentrations of oliceridine, which may lead to decreased efficacy, may occur under the following conditions:

• Concomitant use of OLINVYK with CYP3A4 inducers
• Discontinuation of a moderate or strong CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 inhibitor

Closely monitor these patients at frequent intervals and consider supplemental doses of OLINVYK [see Dosage and Administration , Drug Interactions ].

 Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Allodynia

Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia (OIH) occurs when an opioid analgesic paradoxically causes an increase in pain, or an increase in sensitivity to pain. This condition differs from tolerance, which is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect [see Dependence ]. Symptoms of OIH include (but may not be limited to) increased levels of pain upon opioid dosage increase, decreased levels of pain upon opioid dosage decrease, or pain from ordinarily non-painful stimuli (allodynia). These symptoms may suggest OIH only if there is no evidence of underlying disease progression, opioid tolerance, opioid withdrawal, or addictive behavior.

Cases of OIH have been reported, both with short-term and longer-term use of opioid analgesics. Though the mechanism of OIH is not fully understood, multiple biochemical pathways have been implicated. Medical literature suggests a strong biologic plausibility between opioid analgesics and OIH and allodynia. If a patient is suspected to be experiencing OIH, carefully consider appropriately decreasing the dose of the current opioid analgesic or opioid rotation (safely switching the patient to a different opioid moiety) [see Dosage and Administration ; Warnings and Precautions ].

Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with ChronicPulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients

The use of OLINVYK in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated.

Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease:  OLINVYK-treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or preexisting respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of OLINVYK [see Warnings and Precautions ].

Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients:  Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients as they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients [see Warnings and Precautions ].

Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating OLINVYK and when OLINVYK is given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see Warnings and Precautions ; Drug Interactions ]. Alternatively, consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients.

Adrenal Insufficiency

Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.  Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure.  If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible.  If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids.  Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers.  Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency.  The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.

Severe Hypotension

OLINVYK may cause severe hypotension, including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see Drug Interactions ( 7)].  Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dosage of OLINVYK.  In patients with circulatory shock, OLINVYK may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure.  Avoid the use of OLINVYK in patients with circulatory shock.

Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, BrainTumors, Head Injury, or Impaired Consciousness

In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), OLINVYK may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure.  Monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with OLINVYK. 

Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury.  Avoid the use of OLINVYK in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.

Risks of Use in Patients with Gastrointestinal Conditions

OLINVYK is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus.

OLINVYK may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi.  Opioids may cause increases in serum amylase. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms.

Increased Risk of Seizures in Patients with Seizure Disorders

OLINVYK may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures.  Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during OLINVYK therapy.

Withdrawal

Do not abruptly discontinue OLINVYK in a patient physically dependent on opioids.  When discontinuing OLINVYK in a physically-dependent patient, gradually taper the dosage.  Rapid tapering of oliceridine in a patient physically dependent on opioids may lead to a withdrawal syndrome and return of pain [see Dosage and Administration , Drug Abuse and Dependence , Nonclinical Toxicology ].

Additionally, avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist (e.g, pentazocine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol) or partial agonist (e.g., buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic, including OLINVYK.  In these patients, mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms [see Drug Interactions ].

Risks of Driving and Operating Machinery

OLINVYK may impair the mental or physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery.  Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of OLINVYK and know how they will react to the medication.

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)

Although self-administration of opioids by PCA may allow each patient to individually titrate to an acceptable level of analgesia, PCA administration has resulted in adverse outcomes and episodes of respiratory depression. Health care providers and family members monitoring patients receiving PCA analgesia should be instructed in the need for appropriate monitoring for excessive sedation, respiratory depression, or other adverse effects of opioid medications.

Clinical Studies Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

A total of 1535 patients were treated with OLINVYK in controlled and open-label trials in patients with moderate to severe acute pain. Of these, 1181 patients received a total daily dose ≤27 mg and 354 patients received a total daily dose >27 mg during the first 24-hour treatment period.  Among patients who received a daily dose of >27 mg, 198 patients received a daily dose between 27 mg and 40 mg, and 142 patients received a daily dose >40 mg.

The most common adverse drug reactions (≥10%) in controlled efficacy trials (Study 1 and Study 2) were nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, constipation, pruritus and hypoxia. Adverse reactions leading to discontinuation of OLINVYK were hypotension, hypoxia, nausea, hypoventilation, oxygen saturation decreased, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, electrocardiogram QT prolongation, and urticaria. In two randomized, double-blind, placebo- and morphine-controlled studies, when stratified by 27 mg daily dosing limit, discontinuation of OLINVYK due to adverse reactions occurred in 4% of patients who received a daily dose ≤ 27 mg, and less than 1% of patients who received a daily dose >27 mg. In these same studies, discontinuation due to adverse reactions occurred in 5% of morphine-treated patients, and no placebo-treated patients. In an open-label safety study, discontinuation of OLINVYK due to adverse drug reactions occurred in 3% of patients who received a daily dose ≤ 27 mg, and 1% of patients who received a daily dose >27 mg.

In two randomized, double-blind, placebo- and morphine-controlled studies in patients with moderate to severe acute pain following either orthopedic surgery-bunionectomy (Study 1), or plastic surgery-abdominoplasty (Study 2), patients received one of three OLINVYK dosing regimens, a morphine- control regimen, or a volume‑matched placebo-control regimen.  All dosing regimens were administered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), allowing patients to individually titrate the dose available to an acceptable level of analgesia.  Patients were treated for up to 48 hours in the bunionectomy study (Study 1), and for up to 24 hours in the abdominoplasty study(Study 2) [see Clinical Studies ].  The loading dose for all OLINVYK treatment regimens was 1.5 mg; demand doses were 0.1, 0.35, or 0.5 mg, according to assigned treatment group; supplemental doses of 0.75 mg were permitted, beginning 1 hour after the loading dose, and hourly thereafter, as needed.  The loading dose for the morphine treatment regimen was 4 mg; the demand dose was 1 mg; and supplemental doses of 2 mg were permitted, beginning 1 hour after the loading dose, and hourly thereafter, as needed.  A lockout interval of 6 minutes was used for all PCA regimens.

In Study 1, a total of 136 patients received OLINVYK ≤27 mg/day, and 98 patients received OLINVYK >27 mg/day during the first 24 hours.  In Study 2, a total of 180 patients received OLINVYK ≤27 mg/day, and 56 patients received OLINVYK >27 mg/day during the first 24 hours.

Table 1 and Table 2 list adverse drug reactions that were reported in ≥5% of OLINVYK-treated patients in each study, and that occurred at a frequency greater than placebo in at least one of the studies.  Table 2 and Table 3 lists adverse drug reactions that were reported in ≥5% of OLINVYK-treated patients for pooled Studies 1 and 2 stratified by total daily dose (≤27 mg/day or >27 mg/day).

These data are not an adequate basis for comparison of rates between the OLINVYK treatment group and the morphine treatment group. The OLINVYK and morphine dosing regimens studied are not considered equipotent.

In an open-label safety study of patients with moderate to severe acute pain following a surgical procedure or due to a medical condition (Study 3), a total of 768 patients received at least one dose of OLINVYK.  OLINVYK was administered via clinician-administered bolus dosing, PCA, or a combination of the two.  Bolus dosing was initiated at 1 to 2 mg, with supplemental doses of 1 to 3 mg every 1 to 3 hours, as needed, based on individual patient need and previous response to OLINVYK.  If OLINVYK was administered via PCA, the loading dose was 1.5 mg, the demand dose was 0.5 mg, and the lockout interval was 6 minutes.  Supplemental doses of 1 mg were given as needed, taking into account the patient's utilization of PCA demand doses, individual patient need, and previous response to OLINVYK. 

In Study 3, for the patients within the highest cumulative dose group (exposure >36 mg), the mean cumulative exposure was 67 mg (range: 37 mg to 224 mg) and the mean cumulative duration of exposure was 54 hours (range: 6 hours to 143 hours).  The mean cumulative dose of OLINVYK administered to patients in the Study 3 was 30 mg over a mean cumulative duration of 29 hours. The most frequent condition treated in Study 3 was post-surgical acute pain, and included (in order of decreasing frequency):  orthopedic, gynecologic, colorectal, general, plastic, urologic, neurologic (including spinal), bariatric, and cardiothoracic surgical procedures.  In Study 3, of the 768 patients treated with OLINVYK, 32% were age 65 years or older and 78% had a Body Mass Index ≥25 kg/m2.  OLINVYK was administered as needed; 55% of patients received OLINVYK via clinician bolus administration only, and 45% of patients received OLINVYK via PCA self-administration or a combination of clinician bolus- and PCA self-administration.

In Study 3 (open-label), a total of 592 patients received OLINVYK ≤27 mg/day and 176 received OLINVYK >27 mg during the first 24 hours.  Adverse drug reactions reported in ≥5% of patients receiving OLINVYK in Study 3, stratified by total daily dose (≤27 mg/day or >27 mg/day), are presented in Table 4.

Adverse Drug Reactions Reported in >1% to <5% of Patients in the controlled and open-label studies (Study 1, Study 2, and Study 3) are listed in descending order of frequency within System Organ Class in Table 5.

Postmarketing Experience

Serotonin syndrome: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs.

Adrenal insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.

Anaphylaxis:Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in OLINVYK.

Androgen deficiency: Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with use of opioids for an extended period of time [see Clinical Pharmacology ].

Hyperalgesia and Allodynia: Cases of hyperalgesia and allodynia have been reported with opioid therapy of any duration [see Warnings and Precautions ].

Hypoglycemia: Cases of hypoglycemia have been reported in patients taking opioids. Most reports were in patients with at least one predisposing risk factor (e.g., diabetes).

Mechanism of Action

Oliceridine is a full opioid agonist and is relatively selective for the mu-opioid receptor.  The principal therapeutic action of oliceridine is analgesia.  Like all full opioid agonists, there is no ceiling effect to analgesia for oliceridine. Clinically, dosage is titrated to provide adequate analgesia and may be limited by adverse reactions, including respiratory, and CNS depression.

The precise mechanism of the analgesic action is unknown.  However, specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and are thought to play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug.

Pharmacodynamics

In nonclinical models, the antinociceptive effect of oliceridine can be antagonized by the opioid antagonist naloxone.

Effects on the Central Nervous System

Opioids produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation.

Opioids causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.

Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle

Opioids causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum.  Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm, resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Opioids produces peripheral vasodilation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Effects on the Endocrine System

Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans [see Adverse Reactions ]. They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon.

Use of opioids for an extended period of time may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical  syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date [see Adverse Reactions ].

Effects on the Immune System

Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.  Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.

Concentration-Analgesia Relationships

In a fixed-dose bunionectomy trial (N=192), the onset of action of OLINVYK (as measured by the two-stopwatch method) was almost immediate (median 1-3 minutes) upon administration of the first dose.  Perceptible pain relief was achieved in the majority of patients within 5 minutes after the first dose of OLINVYK.

The minimum effective analgesic concentration will vary widely among patients, especially among patients who have been previously treated with opioid agonists.  The minimum effective analgesic concentration of oliceridine for any individual patient may increase over time due to an increase in pain, the development of a new pain syndrome, and/or the development of analgesic tolerance [see Dosage and Administration ].

Concentration-Adverse Experience Relationships

There is a general relationship between increasing oliceridine doses and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions [see Dosage and Administration ].

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The effect of oliceridine on the QTc interval was evaluated in 2 dedicated Thorough QT/QTc studies.  A single-dose, randomized, positive- (moxifloxacin) and placebo-controlled 4 period crossover study evaluated the ECG effects of oliceridine at a therapeutic (3 mg IV infusion) and a supratherapeutic (6 mg IV infusion) dose in 62 healthy volunteers. Dose-dependent QTc prolongation (3 mg: 7 ms [upper 90% CI: 9 ms]; 6 mg: 12 ms [14 ms]), which occurred after peak oliceridine plasma concentration, was observed in this study.

A multi-dose, randomized, positive- (moxifloxacin) and placebo-controlled 3-way crossover study in 65 healthy volunteers evaluated intermittent dosing over 24 hours to the maximum daily cumulative dose of 27 mg.  The maximum mean ΔΔQTcI was 11.7 ms (two-sided 90% UCI 14.7 ms) at 9 hours.  Thereafter, the QTc effect did not progressively increase with repeat dosing, and despite continued dosing began to diminish after 12 hours.

The underlying mechanism and clinical significance of the transient QT changes seen in the single-dose and multiple-dose studies in healthy volunteers are unknown.  These findings should be carefully considered when OLINVYK is administered in clinical settings where prolongation of the QT interval has been observed either due to the use of concomitant medications known to prolong the QT interval or to underlying medical conditions associated with QT interval prolongation.

Pharmacokinetics

Distribution

The mean steady-state volume of distribution of oliceridine ranges between 90-120 L indicating extensive tissue distribution.  The plasma protein binding of oliceridine is 77%. In vitro data indicate that oliceridine is not an inhibitor of any of the major transporters, including breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and MDR1, at clinically relevant concentrations.

Elimination

Metabolism

In vitro studies suggest that oliceridine is metabolized primarily by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 P450 hepatic enzymes, with minor contributions from CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 into inactive metabolites.

The mean clearance of oliceridine decreases slightly with increasing dose, resulting in greater-than-proportional exposure, particularly at doses greater than 2 mg. The percent of unchanged oliceridine excreted in the urine is low (0.97-6.75% of dose), reflecting its low renal clearance.  The pharmacokinetics of oliceridine were not changed substantially (except for peak concentrations) when administered over different infusion times.

Excretion

Metabolic clearance is the major route of elimination of oliceridine, primarily by oxidation with subsequent glucuronidation.  Additional biotransformation pathways included N−dealkylation, glucuronidation, and dehydrogenation. The majority of the metabolites (approximately 70%) are eliminated in the urine, with the remainder eliminated in the feces.  Only a small amount of unchanged drug (0.97-6.75% of a dose) is found in the urine.  The half-life of these metabolites (~44 hours) is much longer than that of unchanged oliceridine (1.3-3 hours).  In vitro binding studies have demonstrated that none of these metabolites has any appreciable activity at the mu-opioid receptor.

Specific Populations

Renal Impairment

In a study comparing subjects with end stage renal disease (N=8) to healthy age and sex−matched healthy subjects (N=8), no significant difference in oliceridine clearance was observed.  OLINVYK doses do not need to be adjusted in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

In a study of mild (N=8), moderate (N=8), or severe hepatic impairment (N=6), both clearance and total exposure were similar to age and sex-matched healthy controls (N=8).  The mean half-life of oliceridine was increased in subjects with moderate (4.3 hours) or severe (5.8 hours) hepatic impairment, as compared with healthy subjects (2.1 hours), or patients with mild hepatic impairment (2.6 hours).  The estimated volume of distribution of oliceridine was significantly higher in subjects with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (212 and 348 L, respectively), as compared to healthy subjects (126 L) or patients with mild hepatic impairment (167 L).

Based on these data, the initial dose of OLINVYK does not need to be reduced in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, but these patients may require less frequent dosing.  Use caution when dosing OLINVYK in patients with severe hepatic impairment.  Consider reducing the initial dose, and administer subsequent doses only after a careful review of the patient’s severity of pain and overall clinical status.

Drug Interaction Studies

In vitro studies suggest that oliceridine is metabolized primarily by the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 P450 hepatic enzymes, with minor contributions from CYP2C9 and CYP2C19.  Inhibition studies using selective inhibitors of all the major CYP enzymes show that only the inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 significantly affects the metabolism of oliceridine in these assays, suggesting that the contribution of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 to the metabolism of oliceridine is minor.

The effect of concomitant administration of a CYP2D6 inhibitor on the pharmacokinetics of OLINVYK, although not studied, may be similar to that noted in subjects who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers.  The plasma clearance of oliceridine in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers is approximately 50% of plasma clearance in subjects who are nonpoor CYP2D6 metabolizers [See Pharmacogenomics ].

In healthy subjects CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (n=4) given a single 0.25 mg dose of OLINVYK after 5 days of itraconazole 200 mg QD (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor), the total exposure (AUC) of OLINVYK was increased by approximately 80%; however, the peak concentration was not significantly affected [See Pharmacogenomics ].  The mean clearance of oliceridine was reduced to approximately 30% of that observed in nonpoor metabolizers of CYP2D6 [see Drug Interactions ].

 Oliceridine does not inhibit any P450 enzymes at clinically relevant concentrations.

 Pharmacogenomics

Oliceridine is metabolized by polymorphic enzyme CYP2D6. CYP2D6 poor metabolizers have little to no enzyme activity. Approximately 3 to 10% of Whites, 2 to 7% of African Americans, and <2% of Asians, generally lack the capacity to metabolize CYP2D6 substrates and are classified as poor metabolizers.

In healthy subjects who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, the AUC0−inf of oliceridine was approximately 2-fold higher than in subjects who are nonpoor CYP2D6 metabolizers. [see Warnings and Precautions ; Use in Specific Populations ].

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis:

Long-term animal studies have not been completed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of oliceridine.

Mutagenesis:

Oliceridine was negative in an in vitro Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay, the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay using human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the in vivo rat micronucleus assay. 

Impairment of Fertility:

In a fertility and early embryonic development study, oliceridine administered to female rats via continuous intravenous infusion at 6, 12, or 24 mg/kg/day for 14 days prior to cohabitation and through GD 15 for a total of 29-42 days resulted in prolonged estrous cycle lengths and decreased number of implantations and viable embryos at doses ≥12 mg/kg/day (≥3 times the estimated plasma exposure at the MRHD of 27 mg/day on an AUC basis).

Oliceridine did not alter male fertility at any dose tested.  Males were dosed at 6, 12, or 24 mg/kg/day, producing plasma exposures up to 8 times the estimated plasma exposure at the MRHD, for 28 days prior to cohabitation, throughout the mating period and up to the time of scheduled necropsy for a total of 64-65 days of dosing.

Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

Continuous intravenous infusion of oliceridine to rats for 14 days followed by one-day withdrawal from the treatment resulted in opioid withdrawal stress-related gastric lesions including erosions/ulcers in the glandular stomach, mucosal congestion/hemorrhage and degeneration/necrosis in the nonglandular stomach at all doses tested including the low dose producing plasma exposure 2 times the estimated human exposure at the MRHD on an AUC basis.  The effect is believed to be due to acute withdrawal stress, as similar findings were not noted in rats sacrificed immediately after the last dose of oliceridine.

Study 1 – Orthopedic Surgery - Bunionectomy

A total of 389 patients (placebo n=79, OLINVYK 0.1 mg n=76, OLINVYK 0.35 mg n=79, OLINVYK 0.5 mg n=79, and morphine n=76), 19-74 years of age, with moderate to severe acute pain following orthopedic surgery-bunionectomy, were treated for up to 48 hours in Study 1 (NCT02815709).  Treatment began after discontinuation of regional anesthesia in patients with pain intensity of ≥4 on a 0-10 numeric rating scale [NRS] within 9 hours after discontinuation of regional anesthesia. The analgesic effects were measured using the Summed Pain Intensity Differences over 48 hours (SPID-48). The SPID-48 is calculated by multiplying the Pain Intensity Difference (calculated by subtracting the pain intensity at a particular timepoint from the pain intensity at baseline) scores at each post-baseline timepoint by the duration (in hours) since the preceding timepoint, and then summing the values, over 48 hours. The majority of the study population was female (85%), and the mean age was 45 years. Patients were 69% White, 24% Black or African American, 4% Asian, 1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 1% American Indian or Alaska Native and 1% other races. Twenty-five (25%) of patients were Hispanic or Latino. 

The majority of patients treated with OLINVYK (0.1 mg treatment group: 83%; 0.35 mg treatment group 87%; 0.5 mg treatment group 84%) completed the randomized treatment period (compared to 60% of patients treated with placebo).  Nine percent (9%), 4%, and 5% of patients in the 0.1 mg, 0.35 mg and 0.5 mg OLINVYK treatment groups, respectively, discontinued study medication due to lack of efficacy (compared to 34% of patients treated with placebo).  In the 0.1 mg, 0.35 mg and 0.5 mg OLINVYK treatment groups,  41%, 20%, and 17% of patients, respectively, used the protocol-specified rescue medication etodolac, compared to 77% of patients treated with placebo.

The mean (SD) baseline pain intensity score was 6.7 (1.7). A statistically significantly greater analgesic effect was observed in both 0.35 mg and 0.5 mg OLINVYK treatment groups, compared to the placebo group (see Table 7). The mean pain intensities over time for placebo, 0.35 mg and 0.5 mg oliceridine and morphine treatment arms are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Mean Pain Intensity versus Time Plot in Study 1

Note: Doses over the maximum recommended total cumulative daily dosage (27 mg) were treated as rescue medication in Figure 1.  Pre-rescue pain scores were carried for 6 hours following the use of rescue medication.

In Study 1, 60% of patients in the OLINVYK 0.35 mg treatment group, and 63% of patients in the OLINVYK 0.5 mg treatment group reached the maximum recommended total cumulative daily dosage of 27 mg. The median (minimum) time to reach the 27 mg maximum recommended cumulative total daily dosage was 15.8 (9.1) hours for patients in the OLINVYK 0.35 mg treatment group, and 13.6 (6.8) hours for patients in the OLINVYK 0.5 mg treatment group.

Study 2 – Plastic Surgery - Abdominoplasty

A total of 401 patients (placebo n=81, OLINVYK 0.1 mg n=77, OLINVYK 0.35 mg n=80, OLINVYK 0.5 mg n=80, and morphine n=83), 20-71 years of age, with moderate to severe acute pain following plastic surgery-abdominoplasty, were treated for up to 24 hours in Study 2 (NCT02820324). The majority of the study population was female (99%), and the mean age was 41 years. Patients were 64% white, 31% Black or African American, 2% Asian, 1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 0.2% American Indian or Alaska Native and 1% other races. Thirty-three (33%) of patients were Hispanic or Latino.  Treatment began after discontinuation of general anesthesia in patients with NRS ≥5 within 4 hours after end of surgery. The analgesic effects were measured using the Summed Pain Intensity Differences over 24 hours (SPID-24).

The majority of patients treated with OLINVYK (0.1 mg treatment group: 86%; 0.35 mg treatment group: 90%; 0.5 mg treatment group: 87%) completed the randomized treatment period without discontinuing study medication (compared to 74% of patients treated with placebo). Eleven percent (11%), 3%, and 5% of patients in the OLINVYK 0.1 mg, 0.35 mg and 0.5 mg treatment groups, respectively, discontinued study medication due to lack of efficacy (compared to 22% of patients treated with placebo).  In the OLINVYK 0.1 mg, 0.35 mg, and 0.5 mg treatment groups, 31%, 21%, and 18% of patients, respectively, used protocol-specified rescue medication etodolac, compared to 49% in patients treated with placebo.

The mean (SD) baseline pain intensity score was 7.3 (1.5).  A statistically significantly greater analgesic effect was observed in the OLINVYK 0.5 mg and 0.35 mg treatment groups, compared to the placebo group (see Table 8). The analgesic effect was not significantly better in the OLINVYK 0.1 mg treatment group than in the placebo group. The mean pain intensities over time for placebo, 0.35 mg and 0.5 mg oliceridine and morphine treatment arms are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Mean Pain Intensity versus Time Plot in Study 2

Note: Doses over the maximum recommended total cumulative daily dosage (27 mg) were treated as rescue medication in Figure 2.  Pre rescue pain scores were carried for 6 hours following use of rescue medication. In Study 2, 28% of patients in the 0.35 mg dose group, and 43% of patients in the 0.5 mg dose group, reached the maximum recommended 27 mg total cumulative daily dosage. The median (minimum) time to reach the 27 mg maximum recommended cumulative total daily dosage was 19.4 (8.3) hours for patients in the 0.35 mg dose group, and 14.1 (6.4) hours for patients in the 0.5 mg dose group.