Myfortic Prescribing Information
- Use during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of pregnancy loss and congenital malformations. Avoid if safer treatment options are available. Females of reproductive potential must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1) , Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1, 8.3)].
- Increased risk of development of lymphoma and other malignancies, particularly of the skin, due to immunosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].
- Increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections, including opportunistic infections [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4, 5.5)].
- Only physicians experienced in immunosuppressive therapy and management of organ transplant patients should prescribe mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets. Patients receiving mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should be managed in facilities equipped and staffed with adequate laboratory and supportive medical resources. The physician responsible for maintenance therapy should have complete information requisite for the follow-up of the patient [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2) ].
Prophylaxis of Organ Rejection in Kidney Transplant
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets are indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients receiving a kidney transplant.
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets are indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in pediatric patients 5 years of age and older who are at least 6 months post kidney transplant.
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablet is to be used in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids.
Limitations of Use
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) tablets and capsules should not be used interchangeably without physician supervision because the rate of absorption following the administration of these two products is not equivalent.
Dosage in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients
The recommended dose of mycophenolic acid delayed release tablet is 720 mg administered twice daily (1,440 mg total daily dose).
Dosage in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Patients
The recommended dose of mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets in conversion (at least 6 months post-transplant) pediatric patients age 5 years and older is 400 mg/m 2body surface area (BSA) administered twice daily (up to a maximum dose of 720 mg administered twice daily).
Administration
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should be taken on an empty stomach, 1 hour before or 2 hours after food intake [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should not be crushed, chewed, or cut prior to ingesting. The tablets should be swallowed whole in order to maintain the integrity of the enteric coating.
Pediatric patients with a BSA of 1.19 to 1.58 m 2may be dosed either with three mycophenolic acid delayed release 180 mg tablets, or one 180 mg tablet plus one 360 mg tablet twice daily (1,080 mg daily dose). Patients with a BSA of >1.58 m 2may be dosed either with four mycophenolic acid delayed release 180 mg tablets, or two mycophenolic acid delayed release 360 mg tablets twice daily (1,440 mg daily dose). Pediatric doses for patients with BSA <1.19 m 2cannot be accurately administered using currently available formulations of mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets.
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets, USP are available as 360 mg and 180 mg tablets.
| Dosage Strength | 360 mg tablet | 180 mg tablet |
| Active ingredient | mycophenolic acid as mycophenolate sodium | mycophenolic acid as mycophenolate sodium |
| Appearance | Peach colored, oblong shaped, biconvex, enteric-coated tablets | Lime green colored, round shaped, biconvex, beveled edged enteric-coated tablets |
| Imprint | M2 on one side | M3 on one side |
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to mycophenolate during pregnancy and those becoming pregnant within 6 weeks of discontinuing mycophenolic acid delayed release treatment. To report a pregnancy or obtain information about the registry, visit www.mycophenolateREMS.com or call 1-800-617-8191.
Risk Summary
Following oral or intravenous (IV) administration, MMF is metabolized to mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active ingredient in mycophenolic acid delayed release and the active form of the drug. Use of MMF during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and an increased risk of multiple congenital malformations in multiple organ systems [see Human Data].Oral administration of mycophenolate to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis produced congenital malformations and pregnancy loss at doses less than the recommended clinical dose (0.05 and 1.1 times exposure at the recommended clinical doses in kidney transplant patients for rats and rabbits, respectively) (see Animal Data).
Risks and benefits of mycophenolic acid delayed release should be discussed with the patient. When appropriate, consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryo-fetal toxicity.
The estimated background risk of pregnancy loss and congenital malformations in organ transplant populations is not clear. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Data
Human Data
A spectrum of congenital malformations (including multiple malformations in individual newborns) has been reported in 23% to 27% of live births in MMF exposed pregnancies, based on published data from pregnancy registries. Malformations that have been documented include external ear, eye, and other facial abnormalities, including cleft lip and palate, and anomalies of the distal limbs, heart, esophagus, kidney, and nervous system. Based on published data from pregnancy registries, the risk of first trimester pregnancy loss has been reported at 45% to 49% following MMF exposure.
Animal Data
In animal reproductive toxicology studies, congenital malformations and pregnancy loss occurred when pregnant rats and rabbits received mycophenolate at dose multiples equivalent to and less than the recommended human dose. Oral administration of mycophenolate sodium to pregnant rats from Gestational Day 7 to Day 16 at a dose as low as 1 mg per kg resulted in malformations including anophthalmia, exencephaly, and umbilical hernia. The systemic exposure at this dose represents 0.05 times the clinical exposure at the human dose of 1,440 mg per day of mycophenolic acid delayed release. Oral administration of mycophenolate to pregnant rabbits from Gestational Day 7 to Day 19 resulted in embryofetal lethality and malformations, including ectopia cordis, ectopic kidneys, diaphragmatic hernia, and umbilical hernia at doses equal to or greater than 80 mg per kg per day, in the absence of maternal toxicity. This corresponds to about 1.1 times the recommended clinical dose based on BSA.
Lactation
Risk Summary
There are no data on the presence of mycophenolate in human milk, or the effects on milk production. There are limited data in the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry on the effects of mycophenolate on a breastfed child (see Data). Studies in rats treated with MMF have shown mycophenolic acid to be present in milk. Because available data are limited, it is not possible to exclude potential risks to a breastfeeding infant.
The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for mycophenolic acid delayed release and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from mycophenolic acid delayed release or from the underlying maternal condition. Because available data are limited, it is not possible to exclude potential risks to a breastfeeding infant.
Data
Limited information is available from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry. Of seven infants reported by the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry to have been breastfed while the mother was taking mycophenolate, all were born at 34 to 40 weeks gestation and breastfed for up to 14 months. No adverse events were reported.
Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
Females of reproductive potential must be made aware of the increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and congenital malformations and must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning.
Pregnancy Planning
For female patients taking mycophenolic acid delayed release who are considering pregnancy, consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryo-fetal toxicity. Risks and benefits of mycophenolic acid delayed release should be discussed with the patient.
Pregnancy Testing
To prevent unplanned exposure during pregnancy, females of reproductive potential should have a serum or urine pregnancy test with a sensitivity of at least 25 mIU/mL immediately before starting mycophenolic acid delayed release. Another pregnancy test with the same sensitivity should be done 8 to 10 days later. Repeat pregnancy tests should be performed during routine follow-up visits. Results of all pregnancy tests should be discussed with the patient. In the event of a positive pregnancy test, consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryo-fetal toxicity whenever possible.
Contraception
Female Patients
Females of reproductive potential taking mycophenolic acid delayed release must receive contraceptive counseling and use acceptable contraception (see Table 5 for Acceptable Contraception Methods). Patients must use acceptable birth control during entire mycophenolic acid delayed release therapy, and for 6 weeks after stopping mycophenolic acid delayed release, unless the patient chooses abstinence (she chooses to avoid heterosexual intercourse completely).
Patients should be aware that mycophenolic acid delayed release reduces blood levels of the hormones in the oral contraceptive pill and could theoretically reduce its effectiveness [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17), Drug Interactions ( 7.8) ].
Table 5: Acceptable Contraception Methods for Females of Reproductive Potential
Pick from the following birth control options:
| Option 1 | ||
| Methods to Use Alone | Intrauterine devices (IUDs) Tubal sterilization Patient’s partner had a vasectomy |
OR
| Option 2 | Hormone Methods choose 1 | Barrier Methods choose 1 | |
| Choose One Hormone MethodANDOne Barrier Method | Estrogen and Progesterone Oral Contraceptive Pill Transdermal patch Vaginal ring Progesterone-only Injection Implant | AND | Diaphragm with spermicide Cervical cap with spermicide Contraceptive sponge Male condom Female condom |
OR
| Option 3 | Barrier Methods choose 1 | Barrier Methods choose 1 | |
| Choose One Barrier Method from each column (must choose two methods) | Diaphragm with spermicide Cervical cap with spermicide Contraceptive sponge | AND | Male condom Female condom |
Male Patients
Genotoxic effects have been observed in animal studies at exposures exceeding the human therapeutic exposures by approximately 2.5 times. Thus, the risk of genotoxic effects on sperm cells cannot be excluded. Based on this potential risk, sexually active male patients and/or their female partners are recommended to use effective contraception during treatment of the male patient and for at least 90 days after cessation of treatment. Also, based on the potential risk of genotoxic effects, male patients should not donate sperm during treatment with mycophenolic acid delayed release and for at least 90 days after cessation of treatment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1), Patient Counseling Information (17)].
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of mycophenolic acid delayed release have been established in pediatric kidney transplant patients 5 to 16 years of age who were initiated on mycophenolic acid delayed release at least 6 months post-transplant. Use of mycophenolic acid delayed release in this age group is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of mycophenolic acid delayed release in a similar population of adult kidney transplant patients with additional pharmacokinetic data in pediatric kidney transplant patients [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2, 2.3), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] . Pediatric doses for patients with BSA <1.19 m 2cannot be accurately administered using currently available formulations of mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets.
The safety and effectiveness of mycophenolic acid delayed release in de novopediatric kidney transplant patients and in pediatric kidney transplant patients below the age of 5 years have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of mycophenolic acid delayed release did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Of the 372 patients treated with mycophenolic acid delayed release in the clinical trials, 6% (N=21) were 65 years of age and older and 0.3% (N=1) were 75 years of age and older. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets are contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to mycophenolate sodium, mycophenolic acid (MPA), mycophenolate mofetil, or to any of its excipients. Reactions like rash, pruritus, hypotension, and chest pain have been observed in clinical trials and post marketing reports [see Adverse Reactions ( 6) ].
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
Use of mycophenolic acid delayed release during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially external ear and other facial abnormalities, including cleft lip and palate, and anomalies of the distal limbs, heart, esophagus, kidney, and nervous system. Females of reproductive potential must be aware of these risks and must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning. Avoid use of mycophenolic acid delayed release during pregnancy if safer treatment options are available. [see Use in Specific Populations( 8.1, 8.3) ].
Management of Immunosuppression
Only physicians experienced in immunosuppressive therapy and management of organ transplant patients should prescribe mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets. Patients receiving the drug should be managed in facilities equipped and staffed with adequate laboratory and supportive medical resources. The physicians responsible for maintenance therapy should have complete information requisite for the follow up of the patient. [see Boxed Warning]
Lymphoma and Other Malignancies
Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including mycophenolic acid delayed release, are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin [see Adverse Reactions ( 6) ]. The risk appears to be related to the intensity and duration of immunosuppression rather than to the use of any specific agent.
As usual for patients with increased risk for skin cancer, exposure to sunlight and UV light should be limited by wearing protective clothing and using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high protection factor.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) has been reported in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. The majority of PTLD events appear related to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. The risk of PTLD appears greatest in those individuals who are EBV seronegative, a population which includes many young children.
Serious Infections
Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including mycophenolic acid delayed release, are at increased risk of developing bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections and new or reactivated viral infections, including opportunistic infections [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5)]. These infections may lead to serious, including fatal outcomes. Because of the danger of oversuppression of the immune system which can increase susceptibility to infection, combination immunosuppressant therapy should be used with caution.
New or Reactivated Viral Infections
Polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN), JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, reactivation of hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV), SARS-CoV-2 infection, have been reported in patients treated with immunosuppressants, including MPA derivatives mycophenolate sodium and MMF.
Reduction in immunosuppression should be considered for patients who develop evidence of new or reactivated viral infections. Physicians should also consider the risk that reduced immunosuppression represents to the functioning allograft.
PVAN, especially due to BK virus infection, is associated with serious outcomes, including deteriorating renal function and renal graft loss. Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for PVAN.
PML, which is sometimes fatal, commonly presents with hemiparesis, apathy, confusion, cognitive deficiencies, and ataxia. Risk factors for PML include treatment with immunosuppressant therapies and impairment of immune function. In immunosuppressed patients, physicians should consider PML in the differential diagnosis in patients reporting neurological symptoms and consultation with a neurologist should be considered as clinically indicated.
The risk of CMV viremia and CMV disease is highest among transplant recipients seronegative for CMV at time of transplant who receive a graft from a CMV seropositive donor. Therapeutic approaches to limiting CMV disease exist and should be routinely provided. Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for CMV disease [see Adverse Reactions( 6.1) ]
Viral reactivation has been reported in patients infected with HBV or HCV. Monitoring infected patients for clinical and laboratory signs of active HBV or HCV infection is recommended.
Blood Dyscrasias, Including Pure Red Cell Aplasia
Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with MPA derivatives in combination with other immunosuppressive agents. The mechanism for MPA derivatives induced PRCA is unknown; the relative contribution of other immunosuppressants and their combinations in an immunosuppressive regimen is also unknown. In some cases, PRCA was found to be reversible with dose reduction or cessation of therapy with MPA derivatives. In transplant patients, however, reduced immunosuppression may place the graft at risk. Changes to mycophenolic acid delayed release therapy should only be undertaken under appropriate supervision in transplant recipients in order to minimize the risk of graft rejection.
Patients receiving mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should be monitored for blood dyscrasias (e.g., neutropenia or anemia). The development of neutropenia may be related to mycophenolic acid delayed release itself, concomitant medications, viral infections, or some combination of these reactions. Complete blood count should be performed weekly during the first month, twice monthly for the second and the third month of treatment, then monthly through the first year. If blood dyscrasias occur [neutropenia develops (ANC < 1.3×10 3/mcL) or anemia], dosing with mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should be interrupted or the dose reduced, appropriate tests performed, and the patient managed accordingly.
Serious GI Tract Complications
Gastrointestinal bleeding (requiring hospitalization), intestinal perforations, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers have been reported in patients treated with mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets. Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should be administered with caution in patients with active serious digestive system disease.
Acute Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with Mycophenolate Products
Acute inflammatory syndrome (AIS) has been reported with the use of mycophenolate products, and some cases have resulted in hospitalization. AIS is a paradoxical pro-inflammatory reaction characterized by fever, arthralgias, arthritis, muscle pain and elevated inflammatory markers including, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, without evidence of infection or underlying disease recurrence. Symptoms occur within weeks to months of initiation of treatment or a dose increase. After discontinuation, improvement of symptoms and inflammatory markers are usually observed within 24 to 48 hours.
Monitor patients for symptoms and laboratory parameters of AIS when starting treatment with mycophenolate products or when increasing the dosage. Discontinue treatment and consider other treatment alternatives based on the risk and benefit for the patient.
Immunizations
During treatment with mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets, the use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided and patients should be advised that vaccinations may be less effective. Advise patients to discuss with the physician before seeking any immunizations.
Rare Hereditary Deficiencies
Mycophenolic acid delayed release is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor (IMPDH inhibitor). Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should be avoided in patients with rare hereditary deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) such as Lesch-Nyhan and Kelley-Seegmiller syndromes because it may cause an exacerbation of disease symptoms characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of uric acid leading to symptoms associated with gout, such as acute arthritis, tophi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, and renal disease, including renal failure.
Blood Donation
Patients should not donate blood during therapy and for at least 6 weeks following discontinuation of mycophenolic acid delayed release because their blood or blood products might be administered to a female of reproductive potential or a pregnant woman.
Semen Donation
Based on animal data, men should not donate semen during therapy and for 90 days following discontinuation of mycophenolic acid delayed release [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.3)].
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label.
- Embryo-fetal Toxicity [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
- Lymphomas and Other Malignancies [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
- Serious Infections [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
- New or Reactivated Viral Infections [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
- Blood Dyscrasias, Including Pure Red Cell Aplasia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
- Serious GI Tract Complications [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
- Acute Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with Mycophenolate Products [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]
- Rare Hereditary Deficiencies [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]
Clinical Studies Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data described below derive from two randomized, comparative, active-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy trials in prevention of acute rejection in de novoand converted stable kidney transplant patients.
In the de novotrial, patients were administered either mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day (N = 213) or MMF 2 grams per day (N = 210) within 48 hours post-transplant for 12 months in combination with cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED and corticosteroids. Forty-one percent of patients also received antibody therapy as induction treatment. In the conversion trial, renal transplant patients who were at least 6 months post-transplant and receiving 2 grams per day MMF in combination with cyclosporine USP MODIFIED, with or without corticosteroids for at least two weeks prior to entry in the trial were randomized to mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day (N = 159) or MMF 2 grams per day (N = 163) for 12 months.
The average age of patients in both studies was 47 years and 48 years ( de novostudy and conversion study, respectively), ranging from 22 to 75 years. Approximately 66% of patients were male; 82% were white, 12 % were black, and 6% other races. About 40% of patients were from the United States and 60% from other countries.
In the de novotrial, the overall incidence of discontinuation due to adverse reactions was 18% (39/213) and 17% (35/210) in the mycophenolic acid delayed release and MMF arms, respectively. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation in the mycophenolic acid delayed release arm were graft loss (2%), diarrhea (2%), vomiting (1%), renal impairment (1%), CMV infection (1%), and leukopenia (1%). The overall incidence of patients reporting dose reduction at least once during the 0 to 12-month study period was 59% and 60% in the mycophenolic acid delayed release and MMF arms, respectively. The most frequent reasons for dose reduction in the mycophenolic acid delayed release arm were adverse reactions (44%), dose reductions according to protocol guidelines (17%), dosing errors (11%) and missing data (2%).
The most common adverse reactions (≥ 20%) associated with the administration of mycophenolic acid delayed release were anemia, leukopenia, constipation, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, dyspepsia, urinary tract infection, CMV infection, insomnia and postoperative pain.
The adverse reactions reported in ≥ 10% of patients in the de novotrial are presented in Table 2 below.
| System Organ Class Adverse drug reactions | de novoRenal Trial** | |
| mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day (n = 213) (%) | mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 grams per day (n = 210) (%) | |
|---|---|---|
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | ||
Anemia | 22 | 22 |
Leukopenia | 19 | 21 |
Gastrointestinal System Disorders | ||
Constipation | 38 | 40 |
Nausea | 29 | 27 |
Diarrhea | 24 | 25 |
Vomiting | 23 | 20 |
Dyspepsia | 23 | 19 |
Abdominal pain upper | 14 | 14 |
Flatulence | 10 | 13 |
General and Administrative Site Disorders | ||
Edema | 17 | 18 |
Edema lower limb | 16 | 17 |
Pyrexia | 13 | 19 |
Investigations | ||
Increased blood creatinine | 15 | 10 |
Infections and Infestations | ||
Urinary tract infection | 29 | 33 |
CMV infection | 20 | 18 |
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | ||
Hypocalcemia | 11 | 15 |
Hyperuricemia | 13 | 13 |
Hyperlipidemia | 12 | 10 |
Hypokalemia | 13 | 9 |
Hypophosphatemia | 11 | 9 |
Musculoskeletal, Connective Tissue and Bone Disorders | ||
Back pain | 12 | 6 |
Arthralgia | 7 | 11 |
Nervous System Disorders | ||
Insomnia | 24 | 24 |
Tremor | 12 | 14 |
Headache | 13 | 11 |
Vascular Disorders | ||
Hypertension | 18 | 18 |
**The trial was not designed to support comparative claims for mycophenolic acid delayed release for the adverse reactions reported in this table
Table 3 summarizes the incidence of opportunistic infections in de novotransplant patients.
| de novoRenal Trial | ||
| mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day (n = 213) (%) | mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 grams per day (n = 210) (%) | |
| Any Cytomegalovirus | 22 | 21 |
| - Cytomegalovirus Disease | 5 | 4 |
| Herpes Simplex | 8 | 6 |
| Herpes Zoster | 5 | 4 |
| Any Fungal Infection | 11 | 12 |
| - Candida NOS | 6 | 6 |
| - Candida albicans | 2 | 4 |
Lymphoma developed in 2 de novopatients (1%), (1 diagnosed 9 days after treatment initiation) and in 2 conversion patients (1%) receiving mycophenolic acid delayed release with other immunosuppressive agents in the 12-month controlled clinical trials.
Nonmelanoma skin carcinoma occurred in 1% de novoand 12% conversion patients. Other types of malignancy occurred in 1% de novoand 1% conversion patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3) ].
The adverse reactions reported in less than 10% of de novoor conversion patients treated with mycophenolic acid delayed release in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids are listed in Table 4.
| Blood and Lymphatic Disorders | Lymphocele, thrombocytopenia |
| Cardiac Disorder | Tachycardia |
| Eye Disorder | Vision blurred |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | Abdominal pain, abdominal distension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gingival hyperplasia |
| General Disorders and Administration-Site Conditions | Fatigue, peripheral edema |
| Infections and Infestations | Nasopharyngitis, herpes simplex, upper respiratory infection, oral candidiasis, herpes zoster, sinusitis, influenza, wound infection, implant infection, pneumonia , sepsis |
| Investigations | Hemoglobin decrease, liver function tests abnormal |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | Hypercholesterolemia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, |
| Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | Arthralgia, pain in limb, peripheral swelling, muscle cramps, myalgia |
| Nervous System Disorders | Dizziness (excluding vertigo) |
| Psychiatric Disorders | Anxiety |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | Renal tubular necrosis, renal impairment, hematuria , urinary retention |
| Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders | Cough, dyspnea, dyspnea exertional |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | Acne, pruritus, rash |
| Vascular Disorders | Hypertension aggravated, hypotension |
| *USP MODIFIED. | |
The following additional adverse reactions have been associated with the exposure to MPA when administered as a sodium salt or as mofetil ester:
Gastrointestinal:Intestinal perforation, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7) ], colitis (including CMV colitis), pancreatitis, esophagitis, and ileus.
Infections:Serious life-threatening infections, such as meningitis and infectious endocarditis, tuberculosis, and atypical mycobacterial infection [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4) ].
Respiratory:Interstitial lung disorders, including fatal pulmonary fibrosis.
Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of mycophenolic acid delayed release or other MPA derivatives. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure:
- Congenital malformations, including ear, facial, cardiac and nervous system malformations and an increased incidence of first trimester pregnancy loss have been reported following exposure to MMF during pregnancy [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1) ].
- Infections [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4, 5.5)]
- Cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sometimes fatal.
- Polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN), especially due to BK virus infection associated with serious outcomes, including deteriorating renal function and renal graft loss.
- Viral reactivation in patients infected with HBV or HCV.
- Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with MPA derivatives in combination with other immunosuppressive agents [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6) ].
The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of mycophenolic acid delayed release: agranulocytosis, asthenia, osteomyelitis, lymphadenopathy, lymphopenia, wheezing, dry mouth, gastritis, peritonitis, anorexia, alopecia, pulmonary edema, Kaposi’s sarcoma, de novopurine synthesis inhibitors-associated acute inflammatory syndrome.
Antacids With Magnesium and Aluminum Hydroxides
Concomitant use of mycophenolic acid delayed release and antacids decreased plasma concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA). It is recommended that mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets and antacids not be administered simultaneously [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Azathioprine
Given that azathioprine and MMF inhibit purine metabolism, it is recommended that mycophenolic acid delayed release not be administered concomitantly with azathioprine or MMF.
Cholestyramine, Bile Acid Sequestrates, Oral Activated Charcoal and Other Drugs That Interfere With Enterohepatic Recirculation
Drugs that interrupt enterohepatic recirculation may decrease MPA plasma concentrations when coadministered with MMF. Therefore, do not administer mycophenolic acid delayed release with cholestyramine or other agents that may interfere with enterohepatic recirculation or drugs that may bind bile acids, e.g., bile acid sequestrates or oral activated charcoal, because of the potential to reduce the efficacy of mycophenolic acid delayed release [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Sevelamer
Concomitant administration of sevelamer and MMF may decrease MPA plasma concentrations. Sevelamer and other calcium-free phosphate binders should not be administered simultaneously with mycophenolic acid delayed release [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine inhibits the enterohepatic recirculation of MPA, and therefore, MPA plasma concentrations may be decreased when mycophenolic acid delayed release is coadministered with cyclosporine. Clinicians should be aware that there is also a potential change of MPA plasma concentrations after switching from cyclosporine to other immunosuppressive drugs or from other immunosuppressive drugs to cyclosporine in patients concomitantly receiving mycophenolic acid delayed release [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Norfloxacin and Metronidazole
MPA plasma concentrations may be decreased when MMF is administrated with norfloxacin and metronidazole. Therefore, mycophenolic acid delayed release is not recommended to be given with the combination of norfloxacin and metronidazole. Although there will be no effect on MPA plasma concentrations when mycophenolic acid delayed release is concomitantly administered with norfloxacin or metronidazole when given separately [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Rifampin
The concomitant administration of MMF and rifampin may decrease MPA plasma concentrations. Therefore, mycophenolic acid delayed release is not recommended to be given with rifampin concomitantly unless the benefit outweighs the risk [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Hormonal Contraceptives
In a drug interaction study, mean levonorgestrel AUC was decreased by 15% when coadministered with MMF. Although mycophenolic acid delayed release may not have any influence on the ovulation-suppressing action of oral contraceptives, additional barrier contraceptive methods must be used when mycophenolic acid delayed release is coadministered with hormonal contraceptives (e.g., birth control pill, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, injection, and implant) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.3) , Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .
Acyclovir (Valacyclovir), Ganciclovir (Valganciclovir), and Other Drugs That Undergo Renal Tubular Secretion
The coadministration of MMF and acyclovir or ganciclovir may increase plasma concentrations of mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) and acyclovir/valacyclovir/ganciclovir/valganciclovir as their coexistence competes for tubular secretion. Both acyclovir/valacyclovir/ganciclovir/valganciclovir and MPAG concentrations will be also increased in the presence of renal impairment.
Acyclovir/valacyclovir/ganciclovir/valganciclovir may be taken with mycophenolic acid delayed release; however, during the period of treatment, physicians should monitor blood cell counts [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin Plus Clavulanic Acid and Other Drugs That Alter the Gastrointestinal Flora
Drugs that alter the gastrointestinal flora, such as ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid may interact with MMF by disrupting enterohepatic recirculation. Interference of MPAG hydrolysis may lead to less MPA available for absorption when mycophenolic acid delayed release is concomitantly administered with ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. The clinical relevance of this interaction is unclear; however, no dose adjustment of mycophenolic acid delayed release is needed when coadministered with these drugs [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Pantoprazole
Administration of pantoprazole at a dose of 40 mg twice daily for 4 days to healthy volunteers did not alter the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of mycophenolic acid delayed release [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3) ].
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets, USP are an enteric formulation of mycophenolate sodium that delivers the active moiety mycophenolic acid (MPA). Mycophenolic acid delayed release is an immunosuppressive agent. As the sodium salt, MPA is chemically designated as (E)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5 -yl)-4- methylhex-4¬-enoic acid sodium salt.
Its empirical formula is C17H19O6Na. The molecular weight is 342.32 g/mol and the structural formula is:
Mycophenolic acid, as the sodium salt, is a white to off-white, crystalline powder and is highly soluble in aqueous media at physiological pH and practically insoluble in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets, USP are available for oral use as delayed release tablets containing either 180 mg or 360 mg of mycophenolic acid.
Inactive ingredients include colloidal anhydrous silica, croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, povidone (K-30) and talc. The enteric coating of the tablet consists of colloidal anhydrous silica, FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake (180 mg), iron oxide yellow, iron oxide red (360 mg), methacrylic acid copolymer type C, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide and triethyl citrate. The imprinting ink of the tablet consists of shellac, and iron oxide black.
Mechanism of Action
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant, is an uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and therefore inhibits the de novopathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation to DNA. T- and B-lymphocytes are critically dependent for their proliferation on de novosynthesis of purines, whereas other cell types can utilize salvage pathways. MPA has cytostatic effects on lymphocytes.
Mycophenolate sodium has been shown to prevent the occurrence of acute rejection in rat models of kidney and heart allotransplantation. Mycophenolate sodium also decreases antibody production in mice.
Pharmacokinetics
Mycophenolic acid delayed release exhibits linear and dose-proportional pharmacokinetics over the dose-range (360 mg to 2,160 mg) evaluated. The absolute bioavailability of mycophenolic acid delayed release in stable renal transplant patients on cyclosporine was 72%. MPA is highly protein bound (> 98% bound to albumin). The predominant metabolite of MPA is the phenolic glucuronide (MPAG) which is pharmacologically inactive. A minor metabolite AcMPAG which is an acyl glucuronide of MPAG is also formed and has pharmacological activity comparable to MPA. MPAG undergoes renal elimination. A fraction of MPAG also undergoes biliary excretion, followed by deconjugation by gut flora and subsequent reabsorption as MPA. The mean elimination half-lives of MPA and MPAG ranged between 8 and 16 hours, and 13 and 17 hours, respectively.
Absorption
In vitro studies demonstrated that the enteric-coated mycophenolic acid delayed release tablet does not release MPA under acidic conditions (pH <5) as in the stomach but is highly soluble in neutral pH conditions as in the intestine. Following mycophenolic acid delayed release oral administration without food in several pharmacokinetic studies conducted in renal transplant patients, consistent with its enteric-coated formulation, the median delay (Tlag) in the rise of MPA concentration ranged between 0.25 and 1.25 hours and the median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of MPA ranged between 1.5 and 2.75 hours. In comparison, following the administration of MMF, the median Tmax ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 hours. In stable renal transplant patients on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED based immunosuppression, gastrointestinal absorption and absolute bioavailability of MPA following the administration of mycophenolic acid delayed release tablet was 93% and 72%, respectively. Mycophenolic acid delayed release pharmacokinetics is dose proportional over the dose range of 360 mg to 2,160 mg.
Distribution
The mean (± SD) volume of distribution at steady state and elimination phase for MPA is 54 (± 25) L and 112 (± 48) L, respectively. MPA is highly protein bound to albumin, >98%. The protein binding of MPAG is 82%. The free MPA concentration may increase under conditions of decreased protein binding (uremia, hepatic failure, and hypoalbuminemia).
Metabolism
MPA is metabolized principally by glucuronyl transferase to glucuronidated metabolites. The phenolic glucuronide of MPA, MPAG, is the predominant metabolite of MPA and does not manifest pharmacological activity. The acyl glucuronide is a minor metabolite and has comparable pharmacological activity to MPA. In stable renal transplant patients on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED based immunosuppression, approximately 28% of the oral mycophenolic acid delayed release dose was converted to MPAG by presystemic metabolism. The AUC ratio of MPA:MPAG:acyl glucuronide is approximately 1:24:0.28 at steady state. The mean clearance of MPA was 140 (± 30) mL/min.
Elimination
The majority of MPA dose administered is eliminated in the urine primarily as MPAG (> 60%) and approximately 3% as unchanged MPA following mycophenolic acid delayed release administration to stable renal transplant patients. The mean renal clearance of MPAG was 15.5 (± 5.9) mL/min. MPAG is also secreted in the bile and available for deconjugation by gut flora. MPA resulting from the deconjugation may then be reabsorbed and produce a second peak of MPA approximately 6 to 8 hours after mycophenolic acid delayed release dosing. The mean elimination half-life of MPA and MPAG ranged between 8 and 16 hours, and 13 and 17 hours, respectively.
Food Effect
Compared to the fasting state, administration of mycophenolic acid delayed release 720 mg with a high-fat meal (55 g fat, 1000 calories) had no effect on the systemic exposure (AUC) of MPA. However, there was a 33% decrease in the maximal concentration (C max), a 3.5-hour delay in the T lag(range, -6 to 18 hours), and 5.0-hour delay in the T max(range, -9 to 20 hours) of MPA. To avoid the variability in MPA absorption between doses, mycophenolic acid delayed release should be taken on an empty stomach [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]
Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplant Patients
The mean pharmacokinetic parameters for MPA following the administration of mycophenolic acid delayed release in renal transplant patients on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED based immunosuppression are shown in Table 6. Single-dose mycophenolic acid delayed release pharmacokinetics predicts multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. However, in the early post-transplant period, mean MPA AUC and C maxwere approximately one-half of those measured 6 months post-transplant.
After near equimolar dosing of mycophenolic acid delayed release 720 mg twice daily and MMF 1,000 mg twice daily (739 mg as MPA) in both the single- and multiple-dose crossover trials, mean systemic MPA exposure (AUC) was similar.
| Patient | Mycophenolic Acid Delayed ReleaseDosing | n | Dose (mg) | Tmax* (h) | Cmax(mcg/mL) | AUC(0to 12h)(mcg*h/mL) |
| Adult | Single | 24 | 720 | 2 (0.8 to 8) | 26.1 ± 12.0 | 66.5 ± 22.6** |
| Pediatric*** | Single | 10 | 450 /m2 | 2.5 (1.5 to 24) | 36.3 ± 20.9 | 74.3 ± 22.5** |
| Adult | Multiple x 6 days, twice daily | 10 | 720 | 2 (1.5 to 3.0) | 37.0 ± 13.3 | 67.9 ± 20.3 |
| Adult | Multiple x 28 days, twice daily | 36 | 720 | 2.5 (1.5 to 8) | 31.2 ± 18.1 | 71.2 ± 26.3 |
| Adult | Chronic, multiple dose, twice daily | |||||
| 2 weeks post-transplant | 12 | 720 | 1.8 (1.0 to 5.3) | 15.0 ± 10.7 | 28.6 ± 11.5 | |
| 3 months post-transplant | 12 | 720 | 2 (0.5 to 2.5) | 26.2 ± 12.7 | 52.3 ± 17.4 | |
| 6 months post-transplant | 12 | 720 | 2 (0 to 3) | 24.1 ± 9.6 | 57.2 ± 15.3 | |
| Adult | Chronic, multiple-dose, twice daily | 18 | 720 | 1.5 (0 to 6) | 18.9 ± 7.9 | 57.4 ± 15.0 |
| *median (range). ** AUC inf.. *** age range of 5 to 16 years. | ||||||
Specific Populations
Patients with Renal Insufficiency:No specific pharmacokinetic studies in individuals with renal impairment were conducted with mycophenolic acid delayed release. However, based on studies of renal impairment with MMF, MPA exposure is not expected to be appreciably increased over the range of normal to severely impaired renal function following mycophenolic acid delayed release administration. In contrast, MPAG exposure would be increased markedly with decreased renal function; MPAG exposure being approximately 8-fold higher in the setting of anuria. Although dialysis may be used to remove the inactive metabolite MPAG, it would not be expected to remove clinically significant amounts of the active moiety MPA. This is in large part due to the high plasma protein binding of MPA.
Patients with Hepatic Insufficiency:No specific pharmacokinetic studies in individuals with hepatic impairment were conducted with mycophenolic acid delayed release. In a single dose (MMF 1,000 mg) trial of 18 volunteers with alcoholic cirrhosis and 6 healthy volunteers, hepatic MPA glucuronidation processes appeared to be relatively unaffected by hepatic parenchymal disease when the pharmacokinetic parameters of healthy volunteers and alcoholic cirrhosis patients within this trial were compared. However, it should be noted that for unexplained reasons, the healthy volunteers in this trial had about a 50% lower AUC compared to healthy volunteers in other studies, thus making comparison between volunteers with alcoholic cirrhosis and healthy volunteers difficult. Effects of hepatic disease on this process probably depend on the particular disease. Hepatic disease, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, with other etiologies may show a different effect.
Pediatric Patients:Limited data are available on the use of mycophenolic acid delayed release at a dose of 450 mg/m 2body surface area in children. The mean MPA pharmacokinetic parameters for stable pediatric renal transplant patients, 5 to 16 years, on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED are shown in Table 6. At the same dose administered based on body surface area, the respective mean C maxand AUC of MPA determined in children were higher by 33% and 18% than those determined for adults. The clinical impact of the increase in MPA exposure is not known [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2, 2.3) ].
Male and Female Patients:There are no significant gender differences in mycophenolic acid delayed release pharmacokinetics.
Geriatric Patients:Pharmacokinetics in the elderly have not been formally studied.
Racial or Ethnic Groups:Following a single dose administration of 720 mg of mycophenolic acid delayed release to 18 Japanese and 18 Caucasian healthy subjects, the exposure (AUC inf) for MPA and MPAG were 15% and 22% lower in Japanese subjects compared to Caucasians. The peak concentrations (C max) for MPAG were similar between the two populations, however, Japanese subjects had 9.6% higher C maxfor MPA. These results do not suggest any clinically relevant differences.
Drug Interactions:
Antacids With Magnesium and Aluminum Hydroxides:
Absorption of a single dose of mycophenolic acid delayed release was decreased when administered to 12 stable kidney transplant patients also taking magnesium-aluminum-containing antacids (30 mL): the mean C maxand AUC (0 to t)values for MPA were 25% and 37% lower, respectively, than when mycophenolic acid delayed release was administered alone under fasting conditions [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1) ].
Pantoprazole:
In a trial conducted in 12 healthy volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of MPA were observed to be similar when a single dose of 720 mg of mycophenolic acid delayed release was administered alone and following concomitant administration of mycophenolic acid delayed release and pantoprazole, which was administered at a dose of 40 mg twice daily for 4 days [see Drug Interactions ( 7.11) ].
The following drug interaction studies were conducted following the administration of MMF:
Cholestyramine:
Following single-dose oral administration of 1.5 grams MMF to 12 healthy volunteers pretreated with 4 grams three times daily of cholestyramine for 4 days, MPA AUC decreased approximately 40%. This decrease is consistent with interruption of enterohepatic recirculation which may be due to binding of recirculating MPAG with cholestyramine in the intestine [see Drug Interactions ( 7.3) ].
Sevelamer:
Concomitant administration of sevelamer and MMF in stable adult and pediatric kidney transplant patients decreased the mean MPA C maxand AUC (0 to 12h)by 36% and 26%, respectively [see Drug Interactions ( 7.4) ].
Cyclosporine:
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune ®) pharmacokinetics (at doses of 275 to 415 mg/day) were unaffected by single and multiple doses of 1.5 grams twice daily of MMF in 10 stable kidney transplant patients. The mean (±SD) AUC (0 to 12h)and C maxof cyclosporine after 14 days of multiple doses of MMF were 3290 (± 822) ng•h/mL and 753 (± 161) ng/mL, respectively, compared to 3245 (± 1088) ng•h/mL and 700 (± 246) ng/mL, respectively, 1 week before administration of MMF.
A total of 73 de novokidney allograft recipients on MMF therapy received either low dose cyclosporine withdrawal by 6 months post-transplant (50 to 100 ng/mL for up to 3 months post-transplant followed by complete withdrawal at month 6 post-transplant) or standard dose cyclosporine (150 to 300 ng/mL from baseline through month 4 post-transplant and 100 to 200 ng/mL thereafter). At month 12 post-transplant, the mean MPA (AUC (0-12h)) in the cyclosporine withdrawal group was approximately 40% higher, than that of the standard dose cyclosporine group.
Cyclosporine inhibits multidrug-resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP-2) transporter in the biliary tract, thereby preventing the excretion of MPAG into the bile that would lead to enterohepatic recirculation of MPA [see Drug Interactions ( 7.5) ].
Norfloxacin and Metronidazole:
Following single-dose administration of MMF (1 g) to 11 healthy volunteers on Day 4 of a 5 day course of a combination of norfloxacin and metronidazole, the mean MPA AUC (0 to 48h)was reduced by 33% compared to the administration of MMF alone (p<0.05). There was no significant effect on mean MPA AUC (0 to 48h)when MMF was concomitantly administered with norfloxacin or metronidazole separately. The mean (± SD) MPA AUC (0 to 48h)after coadministration of MMF with norfloxacin or metronidazole separately was 48.3 (± 24) mcg•h/mL and 42.7 (± 23) mcg•h/mL, respectively, compared with 56.2 (± 24) mcg•h/mL after administration of MMF alone [see Drug Interactions ( 7.6) ].
Rifampin:
In a single heart-lung transplant patient on MMF therapy (1 gram twice daily), a 67% decrease in MPA exposure (AUC (0 to 12h)) was observed with concomitant administration of MMF and 600 mg rifampin daily.
In 8 kidney transplant patients on stable MMF therapy (1 gram twice daily), administration of 300 mg rifampin twice daily resulted in a 17.5% decrease in MPA AUC (0 to 12h)due to inhibition of enterohepatic recirculation of MPAG by rifampin. Rifampin coadministration also resulted in a 22.4% increase in MPAG AUC (0 to 12h)[see Drug Interactions ( 7.7) ].
Oral Contraceptives:
In a drug-drug interaction trial, mean AUCs were similar for ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone, when coadministered with MMF as compared to administration of the oral contraceptives alone [see Drug Interactions ( 7.8) ].
Acyclovir:
Coadministration of MMF (1 gram) and acyclovir (800 mg) to 12 healthy volunteers resulted in no significant change in MPA AUC and Cmax. However, MPAG and acyclovir plasma mean AUC (0 to 24h)were increased 10% and 18%, respectively. Because MPAG plasma concentrations are increased in the presence of kidney impairment, as are acyclovir concentrations, the potential exists for mycophenolate and acyclovir or its prodrug (e.g., valacyclovir) to compete for tubular secretion, further increasing the concentrations of both drugs [see Drug Interactions ( 7.9) ].
Ganciclovir:
Following single-dose administration to 12 stable kidney transplant patients, no pharmacokinetic interaction was observed between MMF (1.5 grams) and intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg per kg). Mean (± SD) ganciclovir AUC and C max(n = 10) were 54.3 (± 19.0) mcg•h/mL and 11.5 (± 1.8) mcg/mL, respectively, after coadministration of the two drugs, compared to 51.0 (± 17.0) mcg•h/mL and 10.6 (± 2.0) mcg/mL, respectively, after administration of intravenous ganciclovir alone. The mean (± SD) AUC and C maxof MPA (n = 12) after coadministration were 80.9 (± 21.6) mcg•h/mL and 27.8 (± 13.9) mcg/mL, respectively, compared to values of 80.3 (± 16.4) mcg•h/mL and 30.9 (± 11.2) mcg/mL, respectively, after administration of MMF alone.
Because MPAG plasma concentrations are increased in the presence of renal impairment, as are ganciclovir concentrations, the two drugs will compete for tubular secretion and thus further increases in concentrations of both drugs may occur. In patients with renal impairment in which MMF and ganciclovir or its prodrug (e.g., valganciclovir) are co-administered, patients should be monitored carefully [see Drug Interactions ( 7.9) ].
Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin Plus Clavulanic Acid: :
A total of 64 MMF-treated kidney transplant recipients received either oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid 375 mg three times daily for 7 or at least 14 days. Approximately 50% reductions in median trough MPA concentrations (predose) from baseline (MMF alone) were observed in 3 days following commencement of oral ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. These reductions in trough MPA concentrations tended to diminish within 14 days of antibiotic therapy and ceased within 3 days after discontinuation of antibiotics. The postulated mechanism for this interaction is an antibiotic-induced reduction in glucuronidase-possessing enteric organisms leading to a decrease in enterohepatic recirculation of MPA. The change in trough level may not accurately represent changes in overall MPA exposure; therefore, clinical relevance of these observations is unclear [see Drug Interactions ( 7.10) ].
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
In a 104-week oral carcinogenicity study in rats, mycophenolate sodium was not tumorigenic at daily doses up to 9 mg per kg, the highest dose tested. This dose resulted in approximately 0.6 to 1.2 times the systemic exposure (based on plasma AUC) observed in renal transplant patients at the recommended dose of 1,440 mg per day. Similar results were observed in a parallel study in rats performed with MMF. In a 104-week oral carcinogenicity study in mice, MMF was not tumorigenic at a daily dose level as high as 180 mg per kg (which corresponds to 0.6 times the recommended mycophenolate sodium therapeutic dose, based on body surface area).
The genotoxic potential of mycophenolate sodium was determined in five assays. Mycophenolate sodium was genotoxic in the mouse lymphoma/thymidine kinase assay, the micronucleus test in V79 Chinese hamster cells, and the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Mycophenolate sodium was not genotoxic in the bacterial mutation assay (Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, 97a, 98, 100, and 102) or the chromosomal aberration assay in human lymphocytes.
Mycophenolate mofetil generated similar genotoxic activity. The genotoxic activity of mycophenolic acid (MPA) is probably due to the depletion of the nucleotide pool required for DNA synthesis as a result of the pharmacodynamic mode of action of MPA (inhibition of nucleotide synthesis).
Mycophenolate sodium had no effect on male rat fertility at daily oral doses as high as 18 mg per kg and exhibited no testicular or spermatogenic effects at daily oral doses of 20 mg per kg for 13 weeks (approximately 2 times the systemic exposure of MPA at the recommended therapeutic dose). No effects on female fertility were seen up to a daily dose of 20 mg per kg (approximately 3 times the systemic exposure of MPA at the recommended therapeutic dose).
14.1 Prophylaxis of Organ Rejection in Patients Receiving Allogeneic Renal Transplants
The safety and efficacy of mycophenolic acid delayed release in combination with cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED and corticosteroids for the prevention of organ rejection was assessed in two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trials in de novoand conversion renal transplant patients compared to MMF.
The de novotrial was conducted in 423 renal transplant patients (ages 18 to 75 years) in Austria, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Spain, UK, and USA. Eighty-four percent of randomized patients received kidneys from deceased donors. Patients were excluded if they had second or multiorgan (e.g., kidney and pancreas) transplants, or previous transplant with any other organs; kidneys from non-heart beating donors; panel reactive antibodies (PRA) of > 50% at last assessment prior to transplantation, and presence of severe diarrhea, active peptic ulcer disease, or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Patients were administered either mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day or MMF 2 grams per day within 48 hours post-transplant for 12 months in combination with cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED and corticosteroids. Forty-one percent of patients received antibody therapy as induction treatment. Treatment failure was defined as the first occurrence of biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, death or lost to follow-up at 6 months.
The incidence of treatment failure was similar in mycophenolic acid delayed release and MMF-treated patients at 6 and 12 months (Table 7). The cumulative incidence of graft loss, death and lost to follow-up at 12 months is also shown in Table 7.
| mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day (n = 213) | mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 grams per day (n = 210) | |
| 6 Months | n (%) | n (%) |
| Treatment failure # | 55 (25.8) | 55 (26.2) |
| Biopsy-proven acute rejection | 46 (21.6) | 48 (22.9) |
| Graft loss | 7 (3.3) | 9 (4.3) |
| Death | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.0) |
| Lost to follow-up** | 3 (1.4) | 0 |
| 12 Months | n (%) | n (%) |
| Graft loss or death or lost to follow-up*** | 20 (9.4) | 18 (8.6) |
| Treatment failure ## | 61 (28.6) | 59 (28.1) |
| Biopsy-proven acute rejection | 48 (22.5) | 51 (24.3) |
| Graft loss | 9 (4.2) | 9 (4.3) |
| Death | 2 (0.9) | 5 (2.4) |
| Lost to follow-up** | 5 (2.3) | 0 |
| *USP MODIFIED. **Lost to follow-up indicates patients who were lost to follow-up without prior biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss or death. ***Lost to follow-up indicates patients who were lost to follow-up without prior graft loss or death (9 mycophenolic acid delayed release patients and 4 MMF patients). #95% confidence interval of the difference in treatment failure at 6 months (mycophenolic acid delayed release – MMF) is (-8.7%, 8.0%). ##95% confidence interval of the difference in treatment failure at 12 months (mycophenolic acid delayed release – MMF) is (-8.0%, 9.1%). | ||
The conversion trial was conducted in 322 renal transplant patients (ages 18 to 75 years), who were at least 6 months post-transplant and had undergone primary or secondary, deceased donor, living related, or unrelated donor kidney transplant, stable graft function (serum creatinine <2.3 mg/mL), no change in immunosuppressive regimen due to graft malfunction, and no known clinically significant physical and/or laboratory changes for at least 2 months prior to enrollment. Patients were excluded if they had 3 or more kidney transplants, multiorgan transplants (e.g., kidney and pancreas), previous organ transplants, evidence of graft rejection or who had been treated for acute rejection within 2 months prior to screening, clinically significant infections requiring continued therapy, presence of severe diarrhea, active peptic ulcer disease, or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Patients received 2 grams per day MMF in combination with cyclosporine USP MODIFIED, with or without corticosteroids for at least two weeks prior to entry in the trial. Patients were randomized to mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day or MMF 2 grams per day for 12 months. The trial was conducted in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, and USA. Treatment failure was defined as the first occurrence of biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, death, or lost to follow-up at 6 and 12 months.
The incidences of treatment failure at 6 and 12 months were similar between mycophenolic acid delayed release and MMF-treated patients (Table 8). The cumulative incidence of graft loss, death and lost to follow-up at 12 months is also shown in Table 8.
| mycophenolic acid delayed release 1.44 grams per day (n = 159) | mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 grams per day (n = 163) | |
| 6 Months | n (%) | n (%) |
| Treatment failure # | 7 (4.4) | 11 (6.7) |
| Biopsy-proven acute rejection | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.2) |
| Graft loss | 0 | 1 (0.6) |
| Death | 0 | 1 (0.6) |
| Lost to follow-up** | 5 (3.1) | 7 (4.3) |
| 12 Months | n (%) | n (%) |
| Graft loss or death or lost to follow-up*** | 10 (6.3) | 17 (10.4) |
| Treatment failure ## | 12 (7.5) | 20 (12.3) |
| Biopsy-proven acute rejection | 2 (1.3) | 5 (3.1) |
| Graft loss | 0 | 1 (0.6) |
| Death | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.5) |
| Lost to follow-up** | 8 (5.0) | 10 (6.1) |
| *USP MODIFIED. **Lost to follow-up indicates patients who were lost to follow-up without prior biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, or death. ***Lost to follow-up indicates patients who were lost to follow-up without prior graft loss or death (8 mycophenolic acid delayed release patients and 12 MMF patients). #95% confidence interval of the difference in treatment failure at 6 months (mycophenolic acid delayed release – MMF) is (-7.3%, 2.7%). ##95% confidence interval of the difference in treatment failure at 12 months (mycophenolic acid delayed release – MMF) is (-11.2%, 1.8%). | ||
Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets, USP
360 mg tablet: Peach colored, oblong shaped, biconvex, enteric-coated tablets imprinted with M2 on one side and plain on the other side, containing 360 mg mycophenolic acid (MPA) as mycophenolate sodium.
Bottles of 120’s count comes with a child-resistant closure……………………NDC 16729-189-29
Bottles of 500's count……………………………………………………………NDC 16729-189-16
180 mg tablet: Lime green colored, round shaped, biconvex, beveled edged enteric-coated tablets imprinted with M3 on one side and plain on the other side, containing 180 mg mycophenolic acid (MPA) as mycophenolate sodium.
Bottles of 120’s count comes with a child-resistant closure……………………NDC 16729-261-29
Storage
Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F)[see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture. Dispense in a tight container (USP).
Handling
Keep out of reach and sight of children. Mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets should not be crushed or cut in order to maintain the integrity of the enteric coating [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3) ].
Teratogenic effects have been observed with mycophenolate sodium [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1) ]. If for any reason the mycophenolic acid delayed release tablets must be crushed, avoid inhalation of the powder, or direct contact of the powder, with skin or mucous membranes.
Mechanism of Action
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant, is an uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and therefore inhibits the de novopathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation to DNA. T- and B-lymphocytes are critically dependent for their proliferation on de novosynthesis of purines, whereas other cell types can utilize salvage pathways. MPA has cytostatic effects on lymphocytes.
Mycophenolate sodium has been shown to prevent the occurrence of acute rejection in rat models of kidney and heart allotransplantation. Mycophenolate sodium also decreases antibody production in mice.