Apokyn
(Apomorphine Hydrochloride)Dosage & Administration
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Apokyn Prescribing Information
Dosage and Administration (Because of the incidence of nausea and vomiting with APOKYN, it is recommended that treatment with trimethobenzamide 300 mg three times a day be started 3 days prior to the initial dose of APOKYN [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] . Alternatively, consider starting APOKYN therapy at 0.1 mL (1 mg) and titrate based upon effectiveness and tolerance.If trimethobenzamide is used, it should only be continued as long as necessary to control nausea and vomiting, and generally no longer than two months after initiation of treatment with APOKYN, as trimethobenzamide increases the incidence of somnolence, dizziness, and falls in patients treated with APOKYN [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] .Based on reports of profound hypotension and loss of consciousness when apomorphine was administered with ondansetron, the concomitant use of apomorphine with drugs of the 5HT3antagonist class including antiemetics (for example, ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron) and alosetron are contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)]. The recommended starting dose of APOKYN is 0.1 mL (1 mg) to 0.2 mL (2 mg). Titrate on the basis of effectiveness and tolerance, up to a maximum recommended dose of 0.6 mL (6 mg) [see Clinical Studies (14)] .There is no evidence from controlled trials that doses greater than 0.6 mL (6 mg) gave an increased effect Reference ID: 5002510 - 3 - and therefore, individual doses above 0.6 mL (6 mg) are not recommended. The average frequency of dosing in the development program was 3 times per day. There is limited experience with single doses greater than 0.6 mL (6 mg), dosing more than 5 times per day and with total daily doses greater than 2 mL (20 mg). Begin dosing when patients are in an "off" state. The initial test dose should be a 0.1 mL (1 mg) or 0.2 mL (2 mg) test dose in a setting where medical personnel can closely monitor blood pressure and pulse. Both supine and standing blood pressure and pulse should be checked pre-dose and at 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes post-dose (and after 60 minutes, if there is significant hypotension at 60 minutes). Patients who develop clinically significant orthostatic hypotension in response to this test dose of APOKYN should not be considered candidates for treatment with APOKYN. If the patient tolerates the initial test dose, and responds adequately, the starting dose should be the same as the test dose, used on an as needed basis to treat recurring "off" episodes. If needed, the dose can be increased in 0.1 mL (1 mg) increments every few days on an outpatient basis. The general principle guiding subsequent dosing (described in detail below) is to determine that the patient needs and can tolerate a higher test dose, 0.3 mL or 0.4 mL (3 mg or 4 mg, respectively) under close medical supervision. A trial of outpatient dosing may follow (periodically assessing both efficacy and tolerability), using a dose 0.1 mL (1 mg) lower than the tolerated test dose. If the patient tolerates a 0.1 mL (1 mg) test dose but does not respond adequately, a test dose of 0.2 mL (2 mg) may be administered under medical supervision, at least 2 hours after the initial test dose, at the next observed "off" period. If the patient tolerates a 0.2 mL (2 mg) test dose but does not respond adequately, a test dose of 0.4 mL (4 mg) may be administered under medical supervision, at least 2 hours after the initial test dose, at the next observed "off" period. Patients who do not tolerate 0.2 mL (2 mg) may need to be titrated slowly. If the patient tolerates and responds to a test dose of 0.4 mL (4 mg), the initial maintenance dose should be 0.3 mL (3 mg) used on an as needed basis to treat recurring "off" episodes as an outpatient. If needed, the dose can be increased in 0.1 mL (1 mg) increments every few days on an outpatient basis. If the patient does not tolerate a test dose of 0.4 mL (4 mg), a test dose of 0.3 mL (3 mg) may be administered during a separate "off" period under medical supervision, at least 2 hours after the previous dose. If the patient tolerates the 0.3 mL (3 mg) test dose, the initial maintenance dose should be 0.2 mL (2 mg) used on an as needed basis to treat existing "off" episodes. If needed, and the 0.2 mL (2 mg) dose is tolerated, the dose can be increased to 0.3 mL (3 mg) after a few days. In such a patient, the dose should ordinarily not be increased to 0.4 mL (4 mg) on an outpatient basis. | 06/2022 |
Warnings and Precautions, Hemolytic Anemia (Hemolytic anemia requiring hospitalization has been reported with apomorphine treatment in the postmarketing setting. Many of the reported cases included positive direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test), suggesting a potential immune-mediated hemolysis. Severe anemia, angina, and dyspnea have occurred with hemolytic anemia. Some patients were treated with high dose glucocorticoids or blood transfusions. Hemolytic anemia can appear at any time after apomorphine treatment. If a patient develops anemia while taking APOKYN, consider a workup for hemolytic anemia. If hemolytic anemia occurs, consider discontinuing APOKYN treatment. | 05/2022 |
APOKYN (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) is indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, "off" episodes ("end-of-dose wearing off" and unpredictable "on/off" episodes) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. APOKYN has been studied as an adjunct to other medications
The effectiveness of APOKYN in the acute symptomatic treatment of the recurring episodes of hypomobility, "off" episodes ("end-of-dose wearing off" and unpredictable "on/off" episodes), in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease was established in three randomized, controlled trials of APOKYN given subcutaneously (Studies 1, 2, and 3). At baseline in these trials, the mean duration of Parkinson's disease was approximately 11 years. Whereas all patients were using concomitant L-dopa at baseline, 86% of patients were using a concomitant oral dopaminergic agonist, 31% were using a concomitant catechol-ortho-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, and 10% were using a concomitant monoamine B oxidase inhibitor. Study 1 was conducted in patients who did not have prior exposure to APOKYN (i.e., APOKYN naïve) and Studies 2 and 3 were conducted in patients with at least 3 months of APOKYN use immediately prior to study enrollment. Almost all patients without prior exposure to APOKYN began taking an antiemetic (trimethobenzamide) three days prior to starting APOKYN and 50% of patients were able to discontinue the concomitant antiemetic, on average 2 months after initiating APOKYN.
The change from baseline in Part III (Motor Examination) of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) served as the primary outcome assessment measure in each study. Part III of the UPDRS contains 14 items designed to assess the severity of the cardinal motor findings (e.g., tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, etc.) in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in 29 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease who had at least 2 hours of "off" time per day despite an optimized oral regimen for Parkinson's disease including levodopa and an oral dopaminergic agonist. Patients with atypical Parkinson's disease, psychosis, dementia, hypotension, or those taking dopamine antagonists were excluded from participation. In an office setting, hypomobility was allowed to occur by withholding the patients' Parkinson's disease medications overnight. The following morning, patients (in a hypomobile state) were started on study treatment in a 2:1 ratio (2 mg of APOKYN or placebo given subcutaneously). At least 2 hours after the first dose, patients were given additional doses of study medication until they achieved a "therapeutic response" (defined as a response similar to the patient's response to their usual dose of levodopa) or until 10 mg of APOKYN or placebo equivalent was given. At each injection re-dosing, the study drug dose was increased in 2 mg increments up to 4 mg, 6 mg, 8 mg, 10 mg of APOKYN) or placebo equivalent.
Of the 20 patients randomized to APOKYN, 18 achieved a "therapeutic response" at about 20 minutes. The mean APOKYN dose was 5.4 mg (3 patients on 2 mg, 7 patients on 4 mg, 5 patients on 6 mg, 3 patients on 8 mg, and 2 patients on 10 mg). In contrast, of the 9 placebo-treated patients, none reached a "therapeutic response." The mean change from baseline for UPDRS Part III score for APOKYN group (highest dose) was statistically significant compared to that for the placebo group (Table 2).
| Treatment | Baseline UPDRS Motor Score | Mean Change from Baseline | Difference from placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | 36.3 | - 0.1 | NA |
| APOKYN | 39.7 | - 23.9 | - 23.8 |
Study 2 used a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design of 17 patients with Parkinson's disease who had been using APOKYN for at least 3 months. Patients received their usual morning doses of Parkinson's disease medications and were followed until hypomobility occurred, at which time they received either a single dose of subcutaneous APOKYN (at their usual dose) and placebo on different days in random order. UPDRS Part III scores were evaluated over time. The mean dose of APOKYN was 4 mg (2 patients on 2 mg, 9 patients on 3 mg, 2 patients on 4 mg, and 1 patient each on 4.5 mg, 5 mg, 8 mg, and 10 mg). The mean change from baseline UPDRS Part III score for the APOKYN group was statistically significant compared to that for the placebo group (Table 3).
| Treatment | Baseline UPDRS Motor Score | Mean Change from Baseline | Difference from placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | 40.1 | - 3.0 | NA |
| APOKYN | 41.3 | - 20.0 | - 17.0 |
Study 3 used a randomized withdrawal design in 4 parallel groups from 62 patients (APOKYN-35; Placebo-27) with Parkinson's disease who had been using APOKYN for at least 3 months. Patients were randomized to one of the following 4 treatments dosed once by subcutaneous administration: APOKYN at the usual dose (mean dose 4.6 mg), placebo at a volume matching the usual APOKYN dose, APOKYN at the usual dose + 2 mg (0.2 mL) (mean dose 5.8 mg), or placebo at a volume matching the usual APOKYN dose + 0.2 mL. Patients received their usual morning doses of Parkinson's disease medications and were followed until hypomobility occurred, at which time they received the randomized treatment. APOKYN doses ranged between 2 mg – 10 mg. The mean change from baseline for the APOKYN group for UPDRS Part III scores at 20 minutes post dosing was statistically significant compared to that for the placebo group (Table 4). Figure 2 describes the mean change from baseline in UPDRS Motor Scores over time for pooled APOKYN and placebo administration.
| Treatment | Baseline UPDRS Motor Score | Mean Change from Baseline | Difference from placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo (Pooled) | 40.6 | - 7.4 | NA |
| APOKYN (Pooled) | 42.0 | - 24.2 | - 16.8 |
Figure 2: Mean Change from Baseline in UPDRS Motor Scores of Pooled APOKYN Groups and Placebo Group in Study 3 |
 |
In Study 3, the mean changes from baseline for UPDRS Part III scores at 20 minutes post dosing for the APOKYN and higher dose APOKYN groups were 24 and 25, respectively. This result suggests that patients chronically treated at a dose of 4 mg might derive little additional benefit from a dose increment of 2 mg. There was also an increased incidence of adverse reactions in patients randomized to higher APOKYN dose.
- For subcutaneous use only ()
2.1 Important Administration InstructionsAPOKYN is indicated for subcutaneous administration only
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]and only by a multiple-dose APOKYN Pen with supplied cartridges. The initial dose and dose titrations should be performed by a healthcare provider. Blood pressure and pulse should be measured in the supine and standing position before and after dosing.A caregiver or patient may administer APOKYN if a healthcare provider determines that it is appropriate. Instruct patients to follow the directions provided in the Patients Instructions For Use. Because the APOKYN Pen has markings in milliliters (mL), the prescribed dose of APOKYN should be expressed in mL to avoid confusion.
Visually inspect the APOKYN drug product through the viewing window for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. The solution should not be used if discolored (it should be colorless), or cloudy, or if foreign particles are present. Rotate the injection site and use proper aseptic technique
[see How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)and Patient Counseling Information (17)]. - Always express APOKYN dose in mL to minimize dosing errors ()
2.1 Important Administration InstructionsAPOKYN is indicated for subcutaneous administration only
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]and only by a multiple-dose APOKYN Pen with supplied cartridges. The initial dose and dose titrations should be performed by a healthcare provider. Blood pressure and pulse should be measured in the supine and standing position before and after dosing.A caregiver or patient may administer APOKYN if a healthcare provider determines that it is appropriate. Instruct patients to follow the directions provided in the Patients Instructions For Use. Because the APOKYN Pen has markings in milliliters (mL), the prescribed dose of APOKYN should be expressed in mL to avoid confusion.
Visually inspect the APOKYN drug product through the viewing window for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. The solution should not be used if discolored (it should be colorless), or cloudy, or if foreign particles are present. Rotate the injection site and use proper aseptic technique
[see How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)and Patient Counseling Information (17)]. - The starting dose of APOKYN is 0.1 mL (1mg) to 0.2 mL (2 mg); give the first dose under medical supervision; titrate the dose to effect and tolerance; the maximum recommended dose is 0.6 mL (6 mg) ()
2.3 Dosing InformationThe recommended starting dose of APOKYN is 0.1 mL (1 mg) to 0.2 mL (2 mg). Titrate on the basis of effectiveness and tolerance, up to a maximum recommended dose of 0.6 mL (6 mg)[see Clinical Studies (14)].There is no evidence from controlled trials that doses greater than 0.6 mL (6 mg) gave an increased effect Reference ID: 5002510 - 3 - and therefore, individual doses above 0.6 mL (6 mg) are not recommended. The average frequency of dosing in the development program was 3 times per day. There is limited experience with single doses greater than 0.6 mL (6 mg), dosing more than 5 times per day and with total daily doses greater than 2 mL (20 mg).
Begin dosing when patients are in an "off" state. The initial test dose should be a 0.1 mL (1 mg) or 0.2 mL (2 mg) test dose in a setting where medical personnel can closely monitor blood pressure and pulse. Both supine and standing blood pressure and pulse should be checked pre-dose and at 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes post-dose (and after 60 minutes, if there is significant hypotension at 60 minutes). Patients who develop clinically significant orthostatic hypotension in response to this test dose of APOKYN should not be considered candidates for treatment with APOKYN.If the patient tolerates the initial test dose, and responds adequately, the starting dose should be the same as the test dose, used on an as needed basis to treat recurring "off" episodes. If needed, the dose can be increased in 0.1 mL (1 mg) increments every few days on an outpatient basis.The general principle guiding subsequent dosing (described in detail below) is to determine that the patient needs and can tolerate a higher test dose, 0.3 mL or 0.4 mL (3 mg or 4 mg, respectively) under close medical supervision. A trial of outpatient dosing may follow (periodically assessing both efficacy and tolerability), using a dose 0.1 mL (1 mg) lower than the tolerated test dose.
If the patient tolerates a 0.1 mL (1 mg) test dose but does not respond adequately, a test dose of 0.2 mL (2 mg) may be administered under medical supervision, at least 2 hours after the initial test dose, at the next observed "off" period. If the patient tolerates a 0.2 mL (2 mg) test dose but does not respond adequately, a test dose of 0.4 mL (4 mg) may be administered under medical supervision, at least 2 hours after the initial test dose, at the next observed "off" period. Patients who do not tolerate 0.2 mL (2 mg) may need to be titrated slowly. If the patient tolerates and responds to a test dose of 0.4 mL (4 mg), the initial maintenance dose should be 0.3 mL (3 mg) used on an as needed basis to treat recurring "off" episodes as an outpatient. If needed, the dose can be increased in 0.1 mL (1 mg) increments every few days on an outpatient basis.If the patient does not tolerate a test dose of 0.4 mL (4 mg), a test dose of 0.3 mL (3 mg) may be administered during a separate "off" period under medical supervision, at least 2 hours after the previous dose. If the patient tolerates the 0.3 mL (3 mg) test dose, the initial maintenance dose should be 0.2 mL (2 mg) used on an as needed basis to treat existing "off" episodes. If needed, and the 0.2 mL (2 mg) dose is tolerated, the dose can be increased to 0.3 mL (3 mg) after a few days. In such a patient, the dose should ordinarily not be increased to 0.4 mL (4 mg) on an outpatient basis.
- Treatment with trimethobenzamide is recommended, starting 3 days prior to the first dose of APOKYN. Treatment with trimethobenzamide should only be continued as long as necessary to control nausea and vomiting, and generally no longer than two months (,
2.2 Premedication and Concomitant MedicationBecause of the incidence of nausea and vomiting with APOKYN, it is recommended that treatment with trimethobenzamide 300 mg three times a day be started 3 days prior to the initial dose of APOKYN[see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Alternatively, consider starting APOKYN therapy at 0.1 mL (1 mg) and titrate based upon effectiveness and tolerance.If trimethobenzamide is used, it should only be continued as long as necessary to control nausea and vomiting, and generally no longer than two months after initiation of treatment with APOKYN, as trimethobenzamide increases the incidence of somnolence, dizziness, and falls in patients treated with APOKYN[see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].Based on reports of profound hypotension and loss of consciousness when apomorphine was administered with ondansetron, the concomitant use of apomorphine with drugs of the 5HT3antagonist class including antiemetics (for example, ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron) and alosetron are contraindicated
[see Contraindications (4)].,5.2 Nausea and VomitingNausea and vomiting, which may be severe, can happen with APOKYN when it is administered at recommended doses. Because of this, in domestic clinical studies, 98% of all patients were premedicated with trimethobenzamide, an antiemetic, for three days prior to study enrollment, and were then encouraged to continue trimethobenzamide for at least 6 weeks. Even with the use of concomitant trimethobenzamide in clinical studies, 31% and 11% of the APOKYN-treated patients had nausea and vomiting, respectively, and 3% and 2% of the patients discontinued APOKYN due to nausea and vomiting, respectively. Among 522 patients treated, 262 (50%) discontinued trimethobenzamide while continuing APOKYN. The average time to discontinuation of trimethobenzamide was about 2 months (range: 1 day to 33 months). For the 262 patients who discontinued trimethobenzamide, 249 patients continued apomorphine without trimethobenzamide for a duration of follow-up that averaged 1 year (range: 0 years to 3 years).
The effect of trimethobenzamide on reducing nausea and vomiting during treatment with APOKYN was evaluated in a 12-week, placebo-controlled study in 194 patients. The study suggests that trimethobenzamide reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting during the first 4 weeks of APOKYN treatment (incidence of nausea and vomiting 43% on trimethobenzamide vs. 59% on placebo). However, over the 12-week period, compared with placebo, patients treated with trimethobenzamide had a greater incidence of somnolence (19% for trimethobenzamide vs. 12% for placebo), dizziness (14% for trimethobenzamide vs. 8% for placebo), and falls (8% for trimethobenzamide vs. 1% for placebo). Therefore, the benefit of treatment with trimethobenzamide must be balanced with the risk for those adverse events, and treatment with trimethobenzamide should only be continued as long as necessary to control nausea and vomiting, and generally no longer than two months.
The ability of concomitantly administered antiemetic drugs (other than trimethobenzamide) has not been studied. Antiemetics with anti-dopaminergic actions (e.g., haloperidol, chlorpromazine, promethazine, prochlorperazine, metaclopramide) have the potential to worsen the symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and should be avoided.
,6.1 Clinical Trials ExperienceBecause clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the incidence of adverse reactions (number of unique patients experiencing an adverse reaction associated with treatment per total number of patients treated) observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to the incidence of adverse reactions in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the incidence of adverse reactions observed in practice.
In placebo-controlled trials, most patients received only one subcutaneous dose of APOKYN. All patients received concomitant levodopa and 86% received a concomitant dopamine agonist. All patients had some degree of spontaneously occurring periods of hypomobility ("off episodes") at baseline.
The most common adverse reactions (APOKYN incidence at least 10% greater than placebo incidence) observed in a placebo-controlled trial were yawning, drowsiness/somnolence, dyskinesias, dizziness/postural hypotension, rhinorrhea, nausea and/or vomiting, hallucination/confusion, and edema/swelling of extremities.
Table 1 presents the most common adverse reactions reported by APOKYN-naïve Parkinson's disease patients who were enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled, parallel group trial and who were treated for up to 4 weeks (Study 1)
[see Clinical Studies (14)]. Individual APOKYN doses in this trial ranged from 2 mg to 10 mg, and were titrated to achieve tolerability and control of symptoms.Table 1: Adverse Reactions Occurring in Two or More APOKYN-Treated Patients in Study 1 APOKYN (n = 20) PLACEBO (n = 9) % % Yawning 40 0 Dyskinesias 35 11 Drowsiness or Somnolence 35 0 Nausea and/or Vomiting 30 11 Dizziness or Postural Hypotension 20 0 Rhinorrhea 20 0 Chest Pain/Pressure/Angina 15 11 Hallucination or Confusion 10 0 Edema/Swelling of Extremities 10 0 Other Adverse ReactionsInjection Site ReactionsPatients treated with APOKYN subcutaneous injections during clinical studies, 26% of patients had injection site reactions, including bruising (16%), granuloma (4%), and pruritus (2%).
In addition to those in Table 1, the most common adverse reactions in pooled APOKYN trials (occurring in at least 5% of the patients) in descending order were injection site reaction, fall, arthralgia, insomnia, headache, depression, urinary tract infection, anxiety, congestive heart failure, limb pain, back pain, Parkinson's disease aggravated, pneumonia, confusion, sweating increased, dyspnea, fatigue, ecchymosis, constipation, diarrhea, weakness, and dehydration.
)17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATIONAdvise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information and Instructions for Use)
Administration with the APOKYN PenInstruct patients and caregivers that the APOKYN Pen is dosed in milliliters, not milligrams.
Inform patients and caregivers that it is possible to dial in their usual dose of APOKYN even though the cartridge may contain less than that amount of drug. In this case, they will receive only a partial dose with the injection, and the amount left to inject will appear in the dosing window. To complete the correct dose, patients/caregivers will need to "re-arm" the device and dial in the correct amount of the remaining dose. Patients and caregivers should be alerted to the fact that there may be insufficient drug left in the cartridge to deliver a complete dose (for example, patients and caregivers should be urged to keep records of how many doses they have delivered for each cartridge, so that they can replace any cartridge that has an inadequate amount of drug remaining).
Instruct patients to rotate the injection site and to observe proper aseptic technique.
Advise patients that APOKYN is intended only for subcutaneous injection and must not be given intravenously because of the risk of serious complications such as thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism due to crystallization
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].Hypersensitivity / Allergic ReactionsAdvise patients that hypersensitivity/allergic reaction characterized by urticaria, rash, pruritus, and/or various manifestations of angioedema may occur because of APOKYN or any of its excipients including a sulfite (i.e., sodium metabisulfite). Inform patients with a sulfite sensitivity that they may experience various allergic-type reactions, including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening asthmatic attacks
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].Advise patients who experience any hypersensitivity/allergic reaction to APOKYN that they should not take APOKYN again[see Contraindications (4)].Nausea and VomitingAdvise patients they may experience nausea and/or vomiting, which may be severe, and that treatment with oral trimethobenzamide 300 mg 3 times per day for 3 days prior to starting APOKYN injections has been used to help minimize these symptoms. Alternatively, starting APOKYN at a lower dose and titrating based on individual tolerance and treatment effect may be attempted. Advise patients that APOKYN taken with trimethobenzamide may increase the risks for somnolence, dizziness, and falls, and to consult their healthcare provider before discontinuing trimethobenzamide
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].Falling Asleep Suddenly and Sedation / SleepinessAlert patients to the potential sedating effects of APOKYN, including somnolence and falling asleep while engaged in activities of daily living. Instruct patients not to drive a car or engage in other potentially dangerous activities until they have gained sufficient experience with APOKYN to gauge whether or not it affects their mental and/or motor performance adversely. Advise patients that if increased somnolence or episodes of falling asleep during activities of daily living (e.g., watching television, passenger in a car, etc.) occur, they should not drive or participate in potentially dangerous activities until they have contacted their physician. Because of possible additive effects of alcohol use, advise patients to limit their alcohol intake
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].Hypotension / Orthostatic HypotensionAdvise patients that they may develop postural (orthostatic) hypotension with or without symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, syncope, and sometimes sweating. Hypotension and/or orthostatic symptoms may occur more frequently during initial therapy or with an increase in dose at any time (cases have been seen after months of treatment). Instruct patients to rise slowly after sitting or lying down after taking APOKYN. Inform patients that alcohol and nitroglycerin (and possibly other vasodilators and antihypertensive medications) may potentiate the hypotensive effect of APOKYN
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].Instruct patients ideally to lie down before taking sublingual nitroglycerin and to remain supine and avoid standing for at least 45 minutes after nitroglycerin. Instruct patients taking APOKYN to avoid alcohol while using APOKYN and of the increased hypotensive effects of APOKYN taken with nitroglycerin or by taking APOKYN after alcohol ingestion.FallsAlert patients that they may have increased risk for falling when using APOKYN
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].Hallucinations and/or Psychotic-Like BehaviorInform patients that hallucinations or other manifestations of psychotic-like behavior can occur. Tell patients if they have a major psychotic disorder, ordinarily they should not use APOKYN because of the risk of exacerbating the psychosis. Patients with a major psychotic disorder should also be aware that many treatments for psychosis may decrease the effectiveness of APOKYN
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].Dyskinesia
Inform patients that APOKYN may cause and/or exacerbate pre-existing dyskinesias
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].Hemolytic AnemiaInform patients and caregivers that hemolytic anemia may occur and to contact their healthcare provider if they develop any signs or symptoms
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].Impulse Control / Compulsive Behaviors
Patients and their caregivers should be alerted to the possibility that they may experience intense urges to spend money uncontrollably, intense urges to gamble, increased sexual urges, binge eating and/or other intense urges and the inability to control these urges while taking APOKYN
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].Coronary Events
Inform patients that APOKYN may cause coronary events including angina and myocardial infarction and these outcomes could possibly be related to significant hypotension/orthostatic hypotension
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].QTc Prolongation and Potential for Proarrhythymic Effects
Alert patients that APOKYN may cause QTc prolongation and might produce proarrhythmic effects that could cause torsades de pointes and sudden death. Palpitations and syncope may signal the occurrence of an episode of torsades de pointes
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].Withdrawal-Emergent Hyperpyrexia and Confusion
Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they wish to discontinue APOKYN or decrease the dose of APOKYN
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].Priapism
Advise patients that APOKYN may cause prolonged painful erections and that if this occurs they should seek medical attention immediately
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].Injection Site Reactions
Inform patients that injections of APOKYN may result in injection site reactions including bruising, granuloma, and pruritus
[see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. - APOKYN doses must be separated by at least 2 hours ()
2.5 Re-treatment and Interruption in TherapyIf a single dose of APOKYN is ineffective for a particular "off" period, a second dose should not be given for that "off" episode. The efficacy of the safety of administering a second dose for a single "off" episode has not been studied systematically. Do not administer a repeat dose of APOKYN sooner than 2 hours after the last dose.
Patients who have an interruption in therapy of more than a week should be restarted on a 0.2 mL (2 mg) dose and gradually titrated to effect and tolerability.
- Renal impairment: reduce test dose, and reduce starting dose to 0.1 mL (1 mg) (,
2.4 Dosing in Patients with Renal ImpairmentFor patients with mild and moderate renal impairment, the test dose and starting dose should be reduced to 0.1 mL (1 mg)
[see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].,8.6 Renal ImpairmentThe starting APOKYN dose should be reduced in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment because the concentration and exposure (Cmaxand AUC) are increased in these patients. Studies in subjects with severe renal impairment have not been conducted
[see Dosage and Administration (2.4)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].)12.3 PharmacokineticsAbsorptionApomorphine hydrochloride is a lipophilic compound that is rapidly absorbed (time to peak concentration ranges from 10 minutes to 60 minutes) following subcutaneous administration into the abdominal wall. After subcutaneous administration, apomorphine appears to have bioavailability equal to that of an intravenous administration. Apomorphine exhibits linear pharmacokinetics over a dose range of 2 mg to 8 mg following a single subcutaneous injection of APOKYN into the abdominal wall in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
DistributionThe plasma-to-whole blood apomorphine concentration ratio is equal to one. Mean (range) apparent volume of distribution was 218 L (123 L to 404 L). Maximum concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are less than 10% of maximum plasma concentrations and occur 10 minutes to 20 minutes later.
Metabolism and EliminationThe mean apparent clearance (range) is 223 L/hr (125 L/hr to 401 L/hr) and the mean terminal elimination half-life is about 40 minutes (range about 30 minutes to 60 minutes).
The route of metabolism in humans is not known. Potential routes of metabolism in humans include sulfation, N-demethylation, glucuronidation and oxidation.
In vitro, apomorphine undergoes rapid autooxidation.Specific PopulationsThe clearance of apomorphine does not appear to be influenced by age, gender, weight, duration of Parkinson's disease, levodopa dose, or duration of therapy.
Renal ImpairmentIn a study comparing renally-impaired subjects (moderately impaired as determined by estimated creatinine clearance) to healthy matched volunteers, the AUC0-∞ and Cmaxvalues were increased by approximately 16% and 50%, respectively, following a single subcutaneous administration of APOKYN into the abdominal wall. The mean time to peak concentrations and the mean terminal half-life of apomorphine were unaffected by the renal status of the individual. Studies in subjects with severe renal impairment have not been conducted. The starting dose for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment should be reduced
[see Dosage and Administration (2.4)and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].Hepatic ImpairmentIn a study comparing subjects with hepatic impairment (moderately impaired as determined by the Child-Pugh classification method) to healthy matched volunteers, the AUC0-∞ and Cmaxvalues were increased by approximately 10% and 25%, respectively, following a single subcutaneous administration of APOKYN into the abdominal wall. Studies in subjects with severe hepatic impairment have not been conducted
[see Dosage and Administration (2.5)and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].Drug Interaction StudiesCarbidopa/levodopaLevodopa pharmacokinetics were unchanged when subcutaneous APOKYN and levodopa were co-administrated in patients. However, motor response differences were significant. The threshold levodopa concentration necessary for an improved motor response was reduced significantly, leading to an increased duration of effect without a change in the maximal response to levodopa therapy.
Ethanol and NitroglycerinCo-administration of low dose ethanol (0.3 g/kg) or nitroglycerin (0.4 mg) with APOKYN in healthy subjects did not have a significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of apomorphine, but high dose ethanol (0.6 g/kg), equivalent to approximately 3 standardized alcohol-containing beverages, increased the Cmaxof apomorphine by about 63%. However, the hypotensive effect of APOKYN was increased by the concomitant use of alcohol or of sublingual nitroglycerin
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)and Drug Interactions (7.2, 7.3)].Other Drugs Eliminated Via Hepatic MetabolismBased upon an
in vitrostudy, cytochrome P450 enzymes play a minor role in the metabolism of apomorphine.In vitrostudies have also demonstrated that drug interactions are unlikely due to apomorphine acting as a substrate, an inhibitor, or an inducer of cytochrome P450 enzymes.COMT InteractionsA pharmacokinetic interaction of APOKYN with catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors or drugs metabolized by this route is unlikely since apomorphine appears not to be metabolized by COMT.
APOKYN injection: 30 mg/3 mL (10 mg/mL) apomorphine hydrochloride (as apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate), USP as a clear, colorless, sterile, solution in a single-patient-use cartridge for use with a manual reusable pen injector (APOKYN Pen).
- Pregnancy: Based on animal data, may cause fetal harm ()
8.1 PregnancyRisk SummaryThere are no adequate data on the developmental risk associated with use of APOKYN in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, apomorphine had adverse developmental effects in rats (increased neonatal deaths) and rabbits (increased incidence of malformation) when administered during pregnancy at clinically relevant doses. These doses were also associated with maternal toxicity
[see Data]. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.DataAnimal DataNo adverse developmental effects were observed when apomorphine (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg/day) was administered by subcutaneous injection to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis; the highest dose tested is 1.5 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 20 mg/day on a mg/m2basis. Administration of apomorphine (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg/day) by subcutaneous injection to pregnant rabbits throughout organogenesis resulted in an increased incidence of malformations of the heart and/or great vessels at the mid and high doses; maternal toxicity was observed at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for adverse developmental effects is less than the MRHD on a mg/m2basis.
Apomorphine (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg/day), administered by subcutaneous injection to females throughout gestation and lactation, resulted in increased offspring mortality at the highest dose tested, which was associated with maternal toxicity. There were no effects on developmental parameters or reproductive performance in surviving offspring. The no-effect dose for developmental toxicity (1 mg/kg/day) is less than the MRHD on a mg/m2basis.
- Geriatric Use: In clinical trials, patients 65 years of age and older were more likely to experience certain adverse events ()
8.5 Geriatric UseIn the APOKYN clinical development program, there were 239 patients less than age 65 treated with APOKYN and 311 patients who were age 65 or older. Confusion and hallucinations were reported more frequently with patients age 65 and older compared to patients with less than age 65. Serious adverse reactions (life-threatening events or events resulting in hospitalization and/or increased disability) were also more common in patients age 65 and older. Patients age 65 and older were more likely to fall (experiencing bone and joint injuries), have cardiovascular events, develop respiratory disorders, and have gastrointestinal events. Patients age 65 and above were also more likely to discontinue APOKYN treatment as a result of one or more adverse reactions.
APOKYN is contraindicated in patients:
- Using concomitant drugs of the 5HT
3 antagonist class including antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron) and alosetron[see. There have been reports of profound hypotension and loss of consciousness when APOKYN was administered with ondansetron.]7.1 5HT3AntagonistsBased on reports of profound hypotension and loss of consciousness when APOKYN was administered with ondansetron, the concomitant use of APOKYN with 5HT3antagonists including antiemetics (for example, ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron) and alosetron, is contraindicated.
- With hypersensitivity/allergic reaction to apomorphine or to any of the excipients of APOKYN, including a sulfite (i.e., sodium metabisulfite). Angioedema or anaphylaxis may occur [see].
5.13 HypersensitivityHypersensitivity/allergic reactions characterized by urticaria, rash, pruritus, and/or various manifestations of angioedema may occur because of APOKYN or because of its sulfite excipient. APOKYN contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions, including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.