Lupron Depot

1.1 Endometriosis

Monotherapy

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is indicated for management of endometriosis, including pain relief and reduction of endometriotic lesions.

In Combination with Norethindrone Acetate

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg in combination with norethindrone acetate is indicated for initial management of the painful symptoms of endometriosis and for management of recurrence of symptoms.

Use of norethindrone acetate in combination with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is referred to as add-back therapy, and is intended to reduce the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce vasomotor symptoms associated with use of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg.

Limitations of Use:

The total duration of therapy with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg plus add-back therapy should not exceed 12 months due to concerns about adverse impact on bone mineral density [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)].

1.2 Uterine Leiomyomata (Fibroids)

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg, used concomitantly with iron therapy, is indicated for the preoperative hematologic improvement of women with anemia caused by fibroids for whom three months of hormonal suppression is deemed necessary.

Consider a one-month trial period on iron alone, as some women will respond to iron alone [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2)]. LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg may be added if the response to iron alone is considered inadequate.

Limitations of Use:

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is not indicated for combination use with norethindrone acetate add-back therapy for the preoperative hematologic improvement of women with anemia caused by heavy menstrual bleeding due to fibroids [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1)]. 

2.1 Important Use Information

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg must be administered by a healthcare professional.

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg for 3-month administration has different release characteristics than LUPRON 3.75 mg for 1-month administration and is dosed differently.

• Do not substitute LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg for LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg.
  
• Do not administer LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg more frequently than every 3 months.
  
• Do not give a fractional dose of the LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg, as it is not equivalent to the same dose of the LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg monthly formulation.

Endometriosis

The initial and retreatment dosage regimens for LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg for the management of women with endometriosis are outlined in Table 1.

1May use LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg with or without norethindrone acetate 5 mg tablet taken daily.

2Use LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg with norethindrone acetate for retreatment 5 mg tablet taken daily [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] and assess bone mineral density (BMD) prior to retreatment.

3Treatment should not exceed 12 months due to concerns about adverse impact on bone mineral density.

Fibroids

The recommended dosage of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is one IM injection of 11.25 mg which provides a three-month treatment course.

2.2 Reconstitution and Administration for Injection of LUPRON DEPOT

• Reconstitute and administer the lyophilized microsphere as a single IM injection as directed below. Visually inspect the drug product for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
  
• Inject the LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg suspension immediately or discard if not used within two hours as the suspension does not contain a preservative.

1. Visually inspect the LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg powder. Do not use the syringe if clumping or caking is evident. A thin layer of powder on the wall of the syringe is considered normal prior to mixing with the diluent. The diluent should appear clear.

2. To prepare for injection, screw the white plunger into the end stopper until the stopper begins to turn (see Figure A and Figure B).

Figure A:

Figure B:

3. Hold the syringe UPRIGHT. Release the diluent by SLOWLY PUSHING the plunger for 6 to 8 seconds until the first middle stopper is at the blue line in the middle of the barrel (see Figure C).

Figure C:

4. Keep the syringe upright. Mix the microsphere powder thoroughly by gently shaking the syringe until the powder forms a uniform suspension. The suspension will appear milky. If the powder adheres to the stopper or caking/clumping is present, tap the syringe with your finger to disperse. Do not use if any of the powder has not gone into suspension (see Figure D).

Figure D:

5. Keep the syringe upright. With the opposite hand pull the needle cap upward without twisting.

6. Keep the syringe upright. Advance the plunger to expel the air from the syringe. The syringe is now ready for injection.

7. After cleaning the injection site with an alcohol swab, administer the IM injection by inserting the needle at a 90-degree angle into the gluteal area, anterior thigh, or deltoid. Injection sites should be alternated (see Figure E).

Figure E:

Note: If a blood vessel is accidentally penetrated, aspirated blood will be visible just below the luer lock (see Figure F) and can be seen through the transparent LuproLoc® safety device. If blood is present, remove the needle immediately. Do not inject the medication.

Figure F:

8. Inject the entire contents of the syringe intramuscularly.

9. Withdraw the needle. Once the syringe has been withdrawn, immediately activate the LuproLoc® safety device by pushing the arrow on the lock upward towards the needle tip with the thumb or finger, as illustrated, until the needle cover of the safety device over the needle is fully extended and a click is heard or felt (see Figure G).

Figure G:

10. Dispose of the syringe according to local regulations/procedures.

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is contraindicated in pregnancy [see Contraindications ( 4)].

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg may cause fetal harm based on findings from animal studies and the drug’s mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.1)]. There are limited human data on the use of LUPRON DEPOT in pregnant women. Based on animal reproduction studies, LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg may be associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications, including early pregnancy loss and fetal harm. In animal reproduction studies, subcutaneous administration of leuprolide acetate to rabbits during the period of organogenesis caused embryo-fetal toxicity, decreased fetal weights and a dose-dependent increase in major fetal abnormalities in animals at doses less than the recommended human dose based on body surface area using an estimated daily dose. A similar rat study also showed increased fetal mortality and decreased fetal weights but no major fetal abnormalities at doses less than the recommended human dose based on body surface area using an estimated daily dose [see Data].

Data

Animal Data

When administered on day 6 of pregnancy at test dosages of 0.00024 mg/kg, 0.0024 mg/kg, and 0.024 mg/kg (1/300 to 1/3 of the human dose) to rabbits, leuprolide acetate produced a dose-related increase in major fetal abnormalities. Similar studies in rats failed to demonstrate an increase in fetal malformations. There was increased fetal mortality and decreased fetal weights with the two higher doses of LUPRON DEPOT in rabbits and with the highest dose (0.024 mg/kg) in rats.

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary

There are no data on the presence of leuprolide acetate in either animal or human milk, the effects on the breastfed infants, or the effects on milk production.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg or from the underlying maternal condition.

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Pregnancy Testing

Exclude pregnancy in women of reproductive potential prior to initiating LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg if clinically indicated [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)].

Contraception

Females

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg may cause embryo-fetal harm when administered during pregnancy. LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is not a contraceptive. If contraception is indicated, advise females of reproductive potential to use a non-hormonal method of contraception during treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)].

Infertility

Based on its pharmacodynamic effects of decreasing secretion of gonadal steroids, fertility is expected to be decreased while on treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg. Clinical and pharmacologic studies in adults (>18 years) with leuprolide acetate and similar analogs have shown reversibility of fertility suppression when the drug is discontinued after continuous administration for periods of up to 24 weeks [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.1)].

There is no evidence that pregnancy rates are affected following discontinuation of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg.

Animal studies (prepubertal and adult rats and monkeys) with leuprolide acetate and other GnRH analogs have shown functional recovery of fertility suppression.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg for management of endometriosis and the preoperative hematologic improvement of women with anemia caused by fibroids have been established in females of reproductive age. Efficacy is expected to be the same for postpubertal adolescents under the age of 18 as for users 18 years and older. The safety and effectiveness of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg for these indications have not been established in premenarcheal pediatric patients.

8.5 Geriatric Use

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is not indicated in postmenopausal women and has not been studied in this population.

5.1 Loss of Bone Mineral Density

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg induces a hypoestrogenic state that results in loss of bone mineral density (BMD), some of which may not be reversible after stopping treatment. In women with major risk factors for decreased BMD such as chronic alcohol use (> 3 units per day), tobacco use, strong family history of osteoporosis, or chronic use of drugs that can decrease BMD, such as anticonvulsants or corticosteroids, use of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg may pose an additional risk. Carefully weigh the risks and benefits of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg use in these populations.

The duration of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg treatment is limited by the risk of loss of bone mineral density [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1)].

When using LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg for the management of endometriosis, combination use of norethindrone acetate (add-back therapy) is effective in reducing the loss of BMD that occurs with leuprolide acetate [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2)]. Do not retreat with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg without combination norethindrone acetate. Assess BMD before retreatment.

5.2 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

Based on animal reproduction studies and the drug’s mechanism of action, LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg may cause fetal harm if administered to a pregnant woman and is contraindicated in pregnant women. Exclude pregnancy prior to initiating treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg if clinically indicated. Discontinue LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg if the woman becomes pregnant during treatment and inform the woman of potential risk to the fetus [see Contraindications ( 4) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)]. Advise women to notify their healthcare provider if they believe they may be pregnant.

When used at the recommended dose and dosing interval, LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg usually inhibits ovulation and stops menstruation. Contraception, however, is not ensured by taking LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg. If contraception is indicated, advise women to use non-hormonal methods of contraception while on treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg.

5.3 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Acute Hypersensitivity

Acute hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported with LUPRON DEPOT use. LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is contraindicated in women with a history of hypersensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or GnRH agonist analogs [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2)].

In clinical trials of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg, adverse events of asthma were reported in women with pre-existing histories of asthma, sinusitis, and environmental or drug allergies. Symptoms consistent with an anaphylactoid or asthmatic process have been reported postmarketing.

Delayed hypersensitivity

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions including the severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) have been very rarely reported post-marketing in association with leuprolide-containing therapy [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2)]. Discontinue future leuprolide therapy at first signs or symptoms of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, and treat patients according to current treatment guidelines.

5.4 Initial Flare of Symptoms

Following the first dose of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg, sex steroids temporarily rise above baseline because of the physiologic effect of the drug. Therefore, an increase in symptoms may be observed during the initial days of therapy, but these should dissipate with continued therapy.

5.5 Convulsions

There have been postmarketing reports of convulsions in women on GnRH agonists, including leuprolide acetate. These included women with and without concurrent medications and comorbid conditions.

5.6 Clinical Depression

Depression may occur or worsen during treatment with GnRH agonists including LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)]. Carefully observe women for depression, especially those with a history of depression and consider whether the risks of continuing LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg outweigh the benefits. Women with new or worsening depression should be referred to a mental health professional, as appropriate.

5.7 Risks Associated with Norethindrone Combination Treatment

If LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg is administered with norethindrone acetate, the warnings and precautions for norethindrone acetate apply to this regimen. Refer to the norethindrone acetate prescribing information for a full list of the warnings and precautions for norethindrone acetate.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg (Monotherapy)

The safety of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg for the endometriosis and fibroids indications was established based on adequate and well-controlled adult studies of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg for 1-month administration and on a single trial of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg. The safety of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg was evaluated in six clinical studies in which a total of 332 women were treated for up to six months. Women were treated with monthly IM injections of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg. The population age range was 18 to 53 years old.

Adverse Reactions (>1%) Leading to Study Discontinuation

In the six studies 1.8% of women treated with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg discontinued prematurely due to hot flashes.

Common Adverse Reactions

The safety of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg was evaluated in controlled clinical trials in 166 women with endometriosis and 166 women with uterine fibroids. Adverse reactions reported in ≥ 5% of women in either of these populations are noted in Tables 2 and 3, below.

In one controlled clinical trial utilizing the monthly formulation of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and LUPRON DEPOT 7.5 mg in women diagnosed with uterine fibroids received one injection every 4 weeks for a duration of 12 weeks. Adverse reactions of galactorrhea, pyelonephritis, and urinary incontinence were reported in the 7.5 mg dose group but not in the 3.75 mg dose group. Generally, a higher incidence of hypoestrogenic effects was observed at the higher dose.

In a pharmacokinetic trial involving 20 healthy female subjects receiving LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg, a few adverse reactions were reported with this formulation that were not reported previously, including face edema.

In a phase 4 study involving women with endometriosis who received LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg (N=20) administered monthly or LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg (N=21) administered every 3 months, similar adverse reactions were reported by the two groups of women. In general, the safety profiles of the two formulations were comparable in this study.

LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg in combination with Norethindrone Acetate 5 mg

The safety of co-administering LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and norethindrone acetate was evaluated in two clinical studies in which a total of 242 women with endometriosis were treated for up to one year. Women were treated with monthly IM injections of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg (13 injections) alone or monthly IM injections of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg (13 injections) plus norethindrone acetate 5 mg daily. The population age range was 17 to 43 years old. The majority of women were Caucasian (87%).

In one study, 106 women were randomized to one year of treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg alone or with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and norethindrone acetate. The other study was an open-label, single arm clinical study in 136 women on one year of treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg plus norethindrone acetate, with follow-up for up to 12 months after completing treatment.

Adverse Reactions (>1%) Leading to Study Discontinuation

In the controlled study, 18% of women treated monthly with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and 18% of women treated monthly with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg plus norethindrone acetate discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions, most commonly hot flashes (6%) and insomnia (4%) in the LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg alone group and hot flashes and emotional lability (4% each) in the LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg plus norethindrone group.

In the open-label study, 13% of women treated monthly with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg plus norethindrone acetate discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions, most commonly depression (4%) and acne (2%).

Common Adverse Reactions

Table 4 lists the adverse reactions observed in at least 5% of women in any treatment group, during the first 6 months of treatment in the two add-back clinical studies, in which women were treated with monthly LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg with or without norethindrone acetate 5mg daily co-treatment. The most frequently-occurring adverse reactions observed in these studies were hot flashes and headaches.

In the controlled clinical trial, 50 of 51 (98%) women in the LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg arm and 48 of 55 (87%) women in the LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg plus norethindrone acetate arm reported experiencing hot flashes on one or more occasions during treatment.

Table 5 presents hot flash data in the last month of treatment.

Serious Adverse Reactions

Urinary tract infection (1.9%), renal calculus (0.7%), depression (0.7%)

Changes in Laboratory Values during Treatment

Liver Enzymes

Three percent of women with uterine fibroids treated with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg for 1-month administration, manifested post-treatment transaminase values that were at least twice the baseline value and above the upper limit of the normal range.

In the two clinical trials of women with endometriosis, 2% (4 of 191) women receiving leuprolide acetate plus norethindrone acetate for up to 12 months developed an elevated (at least twice the upper limit of normal) SGPT and 1% (2 of 136) developed an elevated GGT. Among these six women with increased liver tests, the increases in five were observed beyond 6 months of treatment. None were associated with an elevated bilirubin concentration.

Lipids

Triglycerides were increased above the upper limit of normal in 12% of the women with endometriosis who received LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and in 32% of the women receiving LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg.

Of those endometriosis and women with uterine fibroid whose pretreatment cholesterol values were in the normal range, mean change following therapy was +16 mg/dL to +17 mg/dL in women with endometriosis and +11 mg/dL to +29 mg/dL in women with uterine fibroids. In the women with endometriosis, increases from the pretreatment values were statistically significant (p<0.03). There was essentially no increase in the LDL/HDL ratio in women from either population receiving LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg.

Percent changes from baseline for serum lipids and percentages of women with serum lipid values outside of the normal range in the two studies of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and norethindrone acetate are summarized in Table 6 and Table 7 below. The major impact of adding norethindrone acetate to treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg was a decrease in serum HDL cholesterol and an increase in the LDL/HDL ratio.

Changes from baseline tended to be greater at Week 52. After treatment, mean serum lipid levels from women with follow-up data returned to pretreatment values.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of LUPRON DEPOT monotherapy or LUPRON DEPOT with norethindrone acetate add-back therapy. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

During postmarketing surveillance which includes other dosage forms and other populations, the following adverse reactions were reported:

• Skin reactions: Erythema multiforme, dermatitis bullous, dermatitis exfoliative, and severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) including Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).
  
• Body as a whole: Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, localized reactions including induration and abscess at the site of injection
  
• Nervous/Psychiatric System: Mood swings, including depression; suicidal ideation and attempt; convulsion, peripheral neuropathy, paralysis
  
• Hepato-biliary system: Serious liver injury
  
• Injury, poisoning and procedural complications: Spinal fracture
  
• Investigations: Decreased white blood count
  
• Musculoskeletal and connective tissue system: Tenosynovitis-like symptoms
  
• Vascular system: Hypotension, hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack
  
• Respiratory system: Symptoms consistent with an asthmatic process
  
• Multi-system disorders: Symptoms consistent with fibromyalgia (e.g., joint and muscle pain, headaches, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal distress, and shortness of breath), individually and collectively.

Pituitary apoplexy

During postmarketing surveillance, cases of pituitary apoplexy (a clinical syndrome secondary to infarction of the pituitary gland) have been reported after the administration of leuprolide acetate and other GnRH agonists. In a majority of these cases, a pituitary adenoma was diagnosed, with a majority of pituitary apoplexy cases occurring within 2 weeks of the first dose, and some within the first hour.  In these cases, pituitary apoplexy has presented as sudden headache, vomiting, visual changes, ophthalmoplegia, altered mental status, and sometimes cardiovascular collapse. Immediate medical attention has been required.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Leuprolide acetate is a long-acting GnRH analog. A single injection of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg results in an initial stimulation followed by a prolonged suppression of pituitary gonadotropins. Repeated dosing of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg at quarterly intervals results in decreased secretion of gonadal steroids. Consequently, tissues and functions that depend on gonadal steroids for their maintenance become quiescent. This effect is reversible on discontinuation of drug therapy.

Leuprolide acetate is not active when given orally.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

In a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg in healthy female subjects (N=20), the onset of estradiol suppression was observed for individual subjects between day 4 and week 4 after dosing. By the third week following the injection, the mean estradiol concentration (8 pg/mL) was in the menopausal range. Throughout the remainder of the dosing period, mean serum estradiol levels ranged from the menopausal to the early follicular range.

Serum estradiol was suppressed to ≤20 pg/mL in all subjects within four weeks and remained suppressed (≤40 pg/mL) in 80% of subjects until the end of the 12-week dosing interval, at which time two of these subjects had a value between 40 and 50 pg/mL. Four additional subjects had at least two consecutive elevations of estradiol (range 43-240 pg/mL) levels during the 12-week dosing interval, but there was no indication of luteal function for any of the subjects during this period.

Administration of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg in therapeutic doses results in suppression of the pituitary-gonadal system. Normal function is usually restored within three months after treatment is discontinued. Therefore, diagnostic tests of pituitary gonadotropic and gonadal functions conducted during treatment and for up to three months after discontinuation of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg may be affected.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Following a single injection of the 3-month formulation of LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg in female subjects, a mean plasma leuprolide concentration of 36.3 ng/mL was observed at 4 hours. Leuprolide appeared to be released at a constant rate following the onset of steady-state levels during the third week after dosing and mean levels then declined gradually to near the lower limit of detection by 12 weeks. The mean (± standard deviation) leuprolide concentration from 3 to 12 weeks was 0.23 ± 0.09 ng/mL. However, intact leuprolide and an inactive major metabolite could not be distinguished by the assay which was employed in the study. The initial burst, followed by the rapid decline to a steady-state level, was similar to the release pattern seen with the monthly formulation.

In a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of endometriosis patients, IM LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg (n=19) every 12 weeks or IM LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg (n=15) every 4 weeks was administered for 24 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in changes of serum estradiol concentration from baseline between the 2 treatment groups.

Distribution

The mean steady-state volume of distribution of leuprolide following intravenous bolus administration to healthy male volunteers was 27 L. In vitro binding to human plasma proteins ranged from 43% to 49%.

Metabolism

Leuprolide acetate is a peptide that is primarily degraded by peptidase. In healthy male volunteers, a 1 mg bolus of leuprolide administered intravenously revealed that the mean systemic clearance was 7.6 L/h, with a terminal elimination half-life of approximately 3 hours based on a two-compartment model.

Metabolite I, a smaller inactive peptide, plasma concentrations measured in 5 prostate cancer patients reached maximum concentration 2 to 6 hours after dosing and were approximately 6% of the peak parent drug concentration.  One week after dosing, mean plasma M-I concentrations were approximately 20% of mean leuprolide concentrations.

Excretion

Following administration of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg to 3 patients, less than 5% of the dose was recovered as parent and M-I metabolite in the urine.

Use in Specific Populations

The pharmacokinetics of LUPRON DEPOT have not been evaluated in patients with hepatic and renal impairment.

Drug Interactions

No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg. However, leuprolide acetate is a peptide that is not degraded by cytochrome P-450 enzymes; hence, drug interactions associated with cytochrome P-450 enzymes would not be expected to occur.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

A two-year carcinogenicity study was conducted in rats and mice. In rats, a dose-related increase of benign pituitary hyperplasia and benign pituitary adenomas was noted at 24 months when the drug was administered subcutaneously at high daily doses (0.6 to 4 mg/kg). There was a significant but not dose-related increase of pancreatic islet-cell adenomas in females and of testicular interstitial cell adenomas in males (highest incidence in the low dose group). In mice, no leuprolide acetate-induced tumors or pituitary abnormalities were observed at a dose as high as 60 mg/kg for two years. Patients have been treated with leuprolide acetate for up to three years with doses as high as 10 mg/day and for two years with doses as high as 20 mg/day without demonstrable pituitary abnormalities.

Mutagenicity studies have been performed with leuprolide acetate using bacterial and mammalian systems. These studies provided no evidence of a mutagenic potential.

14.1 Endometriosis

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg Monotherapy

In controlled clinical studies, LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg monthly for six months was shown to be comparable to danazol 800 mg/day in relieving the clinical sign/symptoms of endometriosis (pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic tenderness, and induration) and in reducing the size of endometrial implants as evidenced by laparoscopy.

The clinical significance of a decrease in endometriotic lesions is not known, and laparoscopic staging of endometriosis does not necessarily correlate with the severity of symptoms.

LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg monthly induced amenorrhea in 74% and 98% of the women after the first and second month of treatment, respectively.  Most of the remaining women reported episodes of only light bleeding or spotting.  In the first, second and third post-treatment months, normal menstrual cycles resumed in 7%, 71% and 95% of women, respectively, excluding those who became pregnant.

Figure 1 illustrates the percent of women with symptoms at baseline, final treatment visit and sustained relief at 6 and 12 months following discontinuation of treatment for the various symptoms evaluated during the two controlled clinical studies. A total of 166 women received LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg. Seventy-five percent (N=125) of these elected to participate in the follow-up period. Of these women, 36% and 24% are included in the 6-month and 12-month follow-up analysis, respectively. All the women who had a pain evaluation at baseline and at least of one treatment visit are included in the Baseline (B) and final treatment visit (F) analysis.

Figure 1. Percent of Women with Signs/Symptoms of Endometriosis at Baseline, Final Treatment Visit, and After 6 and 12 Months of Follow-Up, LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg Monthly for Six Months

In a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of healthy female subjects (N=20) LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg induced amenorrhea in 85% (N=17) of subjects during the initial month and 100% during the second month following the injection. All subjects remained amenorrheic through the remainder of the 12-week dosing interval.  Episodes of light bleeding and spotting were reported by a majority of subjects during the first month after the injection and in a few subjects at later time-points. Menses resumed on average 12 weeks (range 2.9 to 20.4 weeks) following the end of the 12-week dosing interval.

LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg produced similar pharmacodynamic effects in terms of hormonal and menstrual suppression to those achieved with monthly injections of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg during the controlled clinical trials for the management of endometriosis and the anemia caused by uterine fibroids [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2)].

A six-month pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic post-marketing study in 41 women that included both the LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg dose (N=20) administered once monthly and the LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg dose (N=21) administered once every three months did not reveal clinically significant differences in terms of efficacy in reducing painful symptoms of endometriosis or magnitude of the decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) associated with use of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and LUPRON DEPOT 11.25 mg. In both treatment groups, suppression of menses (defined as no new menses for at least 60 consecutive days) was achieved in 100% of the women who remained in the study for at least 60 days. Vertebral bone density measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) decreased compared with baseline by an average of 3.0% and 2.8% at six months for the two groups, respectively.

LUPRON DEPOT with Norethindrone Acetate Add-Back Therapy

Two clinical studies with treatment duration of 12 months were conducted to evaluate the effect of co-administration of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and norethindrone acetate on the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) associated with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and on the efficacy of LUPRON DEPOT in relieving symptoms of endometriosis. All women in these studies received calcium supplementation with 1000 mg elemental calcium. A total of 242 women were treated with monthly administration of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg (13 injections) and 191 of them were co-administered 5 mg norethindrone acetate taken daily. The population age range was 17-43 years old. The majority of women were Caucasian (87%).

One co-administration study was a controlled, randomized and double-blind study included 51 women treated monthly with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg alone and 55 women treated monthly with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg plus norethindrone acetate daily. Women in this trial were followed for up to 24 months after completing one year of treatment. The other study was an open-label single arm clinical study in 136 women of one year of treatment with LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg monthly and daily norethindrone acetate 5 mg, with follow-up for up to 12 months after completing treatment. See Table 8.

The assessment of efficacy was based on the investigator’s or the woman’s monthly assessment of five signs or symptoms of endometriosis (dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, deep dyspareunia, pelvic tenderness and pelvic induration).

Table  8 below provides detailed efficacy data regarding relief of symptoms of endometriosis based on the two studies of co-administration of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg monthly and norethindrone acetate 5 mg daily.

Suppression of menses (menses was defined as three or more consecutive days of menstrual bleeding) was maintained throughout treatment in 84% and 73% of women receiving leuprolide acetate and norethindrone acetate, in the controlled study and open label study, respectively. The median time for menses resumption after treatment with leuprolide acetate and norethindrone acetate was 8 weeks.

Changes in Bone Density

The effect of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and norethindrone acetate on bone mineral density was evaluated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan in the two clinical trials. For the open-label study, success in mitigating BMD loss was defined as the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval around the change from baseline at one year of treatment not to exceed -2.2%. The bone mineral density data of the lumbar spine from these two studies are presented in Table 9.

The change in BMD following discontinuation of treatment is shown in Table 10.

These clinical studies demonstrated that co-administration of leuprolide acetate and norethindrone acetate 5 mg daily is effective in significantly reducing the loss of bone mineral density that occurs with both LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg and 11.25 mg treatments, and in relieving symptoms of endometriosis.

14.2 Fibroids

LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg monthly for a period of three to six months was studied in four controlled clinical trials.

In one of these clinical studies, enrollment was based on hematocrit ≤ 30% and/or hemoglobin ≤ 10.2 g/dL. Administration of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg monthly, concomitantly with iron, produced an increase of ≥ 6% hematocrit and ≥ 2 g/dL hemoglobin in 77% of women at three months of therapy.  The mean change in hematocrit was 10.1% and the mean change in hemoglobin was 4.2 g/dL. Clinical response was judged to be a hematocrit of ≥ 36% and hemoglobin of ≥ 12 g/dL, thus allowing for autologous blood donation prior to surgery. At two and three months, respectively, 71% and 75% of women met this criterion (Table  11). These data suggest however, that some women may benefit from iron alone or 1 to 2 months of LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg.

Excessive vaginal bleeding (menorrhagia or menometrorrhagia) decreased in 80% of women at three months. Episodes of spotting and menstrual-like bleeding were noted in 16% of women at final visit.

In this same study, a decrease in uterine volume and myoma volume of ≥25% was seen in 60% and 54% of women, respectively. The mean fibroid diameter was 6.3 cm at pretreatment and decreased to 5.6 cm at the end of treatment. LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg was found to relieve symptoms of bloating, pelvic pain, and pressure.

In three other controlled clinical trials, enrollment was not based on hematologic status. Mean uterine volume decreased by 41% and myoma volume decreased by 37% at final visit as evidenced by ultrasound or MRI. The mean fibroid diameter was 5.6 cm at pretreatment and decreased to 4.7 cm at the end of treatment. These women also experienced a decrease in symptoms including excessive vaginal bleeding and pelvic discomfort. Ninety-five percent of these women became amenorrheic with 61%, 25%, and 4% experiencing amenorrhea during the first, second, and third treatment months respectively.

In addition, post-treatment follow-up was carried out in one clinical trial for a small percentage of women on LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg (N=46) among the 77% who demonstrated a ≥ 25% decrease in uterine volume while on therapy.  Menses usually returned within two months of cessation of therapy. Mean time to return to pretreatment uterine size was 8.3 months. Regrowth did not appear to be related to pretreatment uterine volume.

Changes in Bone Density

In one of the studies for fibroids described above, when LUPRON DEPOT 3.75 mg was administered for three months in uterine fibroid women, vertebral trabecular bone mineral density as assessed by quantitative digital radiography (QDR) revealed a mean decrease of 2.7% compared with baseline. Six months after discontinuation of therapy, a trend toward recovery was observed.