Get your patient on Zynyz (Retifanlimab-Dlwr)

• ZYNYZ, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with inoperable locally recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCAC).
• ZYNYZ, as a single agent, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally recurrent or metastatic SCAC with disease progression on or intolerance to platinum‑based chemotherapy.

ZYNYZ is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).

The recommended dosages of ZYNYZ are provided in Table 1.

Administer ZYNYZ as an intravenous infusion after dilution, over 30 minutes, as recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.3 )] .

No dose reduction of ZYNYZ is recommended. In general, withhold ZYNYZ for severe (Grade 3) immune-mediated adverse reactions. Permanently discontinue ZYNYZ for life‑threatening (Grade 4) immune-mediated adverse reactions, recurrent severe (Grade 3) immune-mediated reactions that require systemic immunosuppressive treatment, or an inability to reduce corticosteroid dose to 10 mg or less of prednisone equivalent per day within 12 weeks of initiating steroids.

Dosage modifications for ZYNYZ for adverse reactions that require management different from these general guidelines are summarized in Table 2.

Visually inspect the vial for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. ZYNYZ is a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale yellow solution and is free of particles. Discard the vial if the solution is cloudy, discolored, or contains particulate matter.

Do not shake the vial.

Preparation

1. Withdraw 20 mL (500 mg) of ZYNYZ from one vial and discard vial with any unused portion.
2. Dilute ZYNYZ with either 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or 5% Dextrose Injection to a final concentration between 1.4 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. Use polyvinylchloride (PVC) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), polyolefin copolymer, polyolefin with polyamide, or ethylene vinyl acetate infusion bags.
3. Mix diluted solution by gentle inversion. Do not shake.
4. Visually inspect the infusion bag for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Discard if the solution is discolored or contains particulate matter.

Storage of diluted ZYNYZ solution

Protect the diluted ZYNYZ solution from light during storage.

Store diluted ZYNYZ solution:

• At room temperature [up to 25°C (77°F)] for no more than 8 hours from the time of preparation to the end of the infusion.

OR

• Under refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for no more than 24 hours from the time of preparation to the end of the infusion. If refrigerated, allow the diluted solution to come to room temperature prior to administration. The diluted solution must be administered within 4 hours (including infusion time) once it is removed from the refrigerator.

Do not freeze or shake diluted solution.

Administration

• Administer diluted ZYNYZ solution by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes through a polyethylene, polyurethane, or PVC with DEHP intravenous line containing a sterile, non‑pyrogenic, low-protein binding polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, or cellulose acetate 0.2 micron to 5 micron in-line or add-on filter or 15 micron mesh in-line or add-on filter. Do NOT administer ZYNYZ as an intravenous push or bolus injection.
• Do not co‑administer other drugs through the same infusion line.

Risk Summary

Based on its mechanism of action, ZYNYZ can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1 )] . There are no available data on the use of ZYNYZ in pregnant women. Animal studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the PD‑1/PD‑L1 pathway can lead to increased risk of immune-mediated rejection of the developing fetus resulting in fetal death ( see Data ). Human IgG4 immunoglobulins (IgG4) are known to cross the placenta; therefore, retifanlimab-dlwr has the potential to be transmitted from the mother to the developing fetus. Advise women of the potential risk to a fetus.

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Data

Animal Data

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with ZYNYZ to evaluate its effect on reproduction and fetal development. A central function of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is to preserve pregnancy by maintaining maternal immune tolerance to the fetus. In murine models of pregnancy, blockade of PD-L1 signaling has been shown to disrupt tolerance to the fetus and to result in an increase in fetal loss; therefore, potential risks of administering ZYNYZ during pregnancy include increased rates of abortion or stillbirth. As reported in the literature, there were no malformations related to the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in the offspring of these animals; however, immune-mediated disorders occurred in PD-1 and PD-L1 knockout mice. Based on its mechanism of action, fetal exposure to retifanlimab-dlwr may increase the risk of developing immune-mediated disorders or altering the normal immune response.

Risk Summary

There is no information regarding the presence of retifanlimab-dlwr in human milk, or its effects on the breastfed child or on milk production. Maternal IgG is known to be present in human milk. The effects of local gastrointestinal exposure and limited systemic exposure in the breastfed child to ZYNYZ are unknown. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed children, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment and for 4 months after the last dose of ZYNYZ.

ZYNYZ can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 )] .

Pregnancy Testing

Verify pregnancy status in females of reproductive potential prior to initiating ZYNYZ [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 )] .

Contraception

Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with ZYNYZ and for 4 months after the last dose.

The safety and effectiveness of ZYNYZ have not been established in pediatric patients.

In Combination with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel

Of the 154 patients with inoperable locally recurrent or metastatic SCAC treated with ZYNYZ in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in POD1UM-303, 38% were 65 years or older, and 9% were 75 years or older [see Clinical Studies (14.1 )]. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients.

As a Single Agent

Of the 94 patients with locally recurrent or with metastatic SCAC treated with ZYNYZ in POD1UM‑202, 49% were 65 years or older, and 11% were 75 years or older [see Clinical Studies (14.1 )] .

Of the 101 patients with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced MCC treated with ZYNYZ in POD1UM-201, 76% were 65 years or older, and 39% were 75 years or older [see Clinical Studies (14.2 )] .

Clinical studies of ZYNYZ as a single agent did not include sufficient numbers of younger adult patients to determine if patients 65 years of age and older respond differently than younger adult patients.

ZYNYZ is a monoclonal antibody that belongs to a class of drugs that binds to either the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) or the PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1), blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, thereby removing inhibition of the immune response with the potential for breaking of peripheral tolerance and induction of immune-mediated adverse reactions. Important immune‑mediated adverse reactions listed under Warnings and Precautions may not be inclusive of all possible severe and fatal immune-mediated reactions.

Immune-mediated adverse reactions, which may be severe or fatal, can occur in any organ system or tissue. Immune-mediated adverse reactions can occur at any time after starting treatment with a PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibody. While immune-mediated adverse reactions usually manifest during treatment with PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibodies, immune-mediated adverse reactions can also manifest after discontinuation of PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibodies. Immune-mediated adverse reactions affecting more than one body system can occur simultaneously.

Early identification and management of immune‐mediated adverse reactions are essential to ensure safe use of PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibodies. Monitor patients closely for symptoms and signs that may be clinical manifestations of underlying immune-mediated adverse reactions. Evaluate liver enzymes, creatinine, and thyroid function at baseline and periodically during treatment. In cases of suspected immune-mediated adverse reactions, initiate appropriate workup to exclude alternative etiologies, including infection. Institute medical management promptly, including specialty consultation as appropriate.

Withhold or permanently discontinue ZYNYZ depending on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 )] . In general, if ZYNYZ requires interruption or discontinuation, administer systemic corticosteroid therapy (1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent) until improvement to Grade 1 or less. Upon improvement to Grade 1 or less, initiate corticosteroid taper and continue to taper over at least 1 month. Consider administration of other systemic immunosuppressants in patients whose immune-mediated adverse reactions are not controlled with corticosteroids.

Toxicity management guidelines for adverse reactions that do not necessarily require systemic steroids (e.g., endocrinopathies and dermatologic reactions) are discussed below.

Immune-Mediated Pneumonitis

ZYNYZ can cause immune-mediated pneumonitis. In patients treated with other PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibodies, the incidence of pneumonitis is higher in patients who have received prior thoracic radiation.

Immune-mediated pneumonitis occurred in 3.1% (14/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including 1 (0.2%) patient with fatal pneumonitis, Grade 3 (0.9%), and Grade 2 (1.3%). Pneumonitis led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 1 patient and withholding of ZYNYZ in 1.1% of patients. Systemic corticosteroids were required in 71% (10/14) of patients with pneumonitis. Pneumonitis resolved in 11 of the 14 patients. Of the 5 patients in whom ZYNYZ was withheld for pneumonitis, 4 reinitiated ZYNYZ after symptom improvement; of these, 1 had recurrence of pneumonitis.

Immune-Mediated Colitis

ZYNYZ can cause immune-mediated colitis. Cytomegalovirus infection/reactivation have occurred in patients with corticosteroid-refractory immune-mediated colitis treated with PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibodies. In cases of corticosteroid-refractory colitis, consider repeating infectious workup to exclude alternative etiologies.

ZYNYZ as a Single Agent: Immune-mediated colitis occurred in 2.7% (12/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 4 (0.2%), Grade 3 (0.4%), and Grade 2 (1.1%). Colitis led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 0.9% of patients and withholding of ZYNYZ in 1.3% of patients. Systemic corticosteroids were required in 75% (9/12) of patients. Colitis resolved in 8 of the 12 patients. Of the 6 patients in whom ZYNYZ was withheld for colitis, 1 reinitiated ZYNYZ after symptom improvement; this patient did not have recurrence of colitis.

ZYNYZ in Combination with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel: Immune-mediated colitis occurred in 10% (16/154) of patients receiving ZYNYZ in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, including Grade 4 (0.6%), Grade 3 (2.6%), and Grade 2 (3.2%). Colitis led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 2 patients and withholding of ZYNYZ in 2 patients. Systemic corticosteroids were required in 94% (15/16) of patients. Colitis resolved in 15 of the 16 patients. Of the 2 patients in whom ZYNYZ was withheld for colitis, both reinitiated ZYNYZ after symptom improvement; neither patient had a recurrence of colitis.

Immune-Mediated Hepatitis

ZYNYZ can cause immune-mediated hepatitis.

Immune-mediated hepatitis occurred in 3.5% (16/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 4 (0.2%), Grade 3 (2.4%), and Grade 2 (0.9%). Hepatitis led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 1.5% of patients and withholding of ZYNYZ in 1.1% of patients.

Systemic corticosteroids were required in 81% (13/16) of patients. Hepatitis resolved in 9 of the 16 patients. Of the 5 patients in whom ZYNYZ was withheld for hepatitis, 3 reinitiated ZYNYZ after symptom improvement; of these, 1 had recurrence of hepatitis.

Immune-Mediated Endocrinopathies

Adrenal Insufficiency

ZYNYZ can cause primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency. For Grade 2 or higher adrenal insufficiency, initiate symptomatic treatment per institutional guidelines, including hormone replacement as clinically indicated. Withhold or permanently discontinue ZYNYZ depending on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 )] .

ZYNYZ as a Single Agent: Adrenal insufficiency occurred in 0.9% (4/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 3 (0.4%) and Grade 2 (0.4%). Adrenal insufficiency did not lead to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ. ZYNYZ was withheld for 1 patient with adrenal insufficiency. All patients required systemic corticosteroids. Adrenal insufficiency resolved in 1 of the 4 patients.

ZYNYZ in Combination with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel: Adrenal insufficiency occurred in 5.8% (9/154) of patients receiving ZYNYZ in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, including Grade 3 and Grade 2 (1.9% each). Adrenal insufficiency led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 1 patient and withholding of ZYNYZ in 3 patients. All patients required systemic corticosteroids. Adrenal insufficiency resolved in 4 of the 9 patients.

Hypophysitis

ZYNYZ can cause immune-mediated hypophysitis. Hypophysitis can present with acute symptoms associated with mass effect such as headache, photophobia, or visual field cuts. Hypophysitis can cause hypopituitarism. Initiate hormone replacement as clinically indicated. Withhold or permanently discontinue ZYNYZ depending on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 )] .

Hypophysitis occurred in 0.7% (3/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 3 (0.2%) and Grade 2 (0.4%). Hypophysitis led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 1 patient and withholding of ZYNYZ in 1 patient. All patients required systemic steroids. Hypophysitis resolved in 1 of the 3 patients.

Thyroid Disorders

ZYNYZ can cause immune-mediated thyroid disorders. Thyroiditis can present with or without endocrinopathy. Hypothyroidism can follow hyperthyroidism. Initiate hormone replacement or medical management of hyperthyroidism as clinically indicated. Withhold or permanently discontinue ZYNYZ depending on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 )] .

Thyroiditis occurred in 0.7% (3/452, all Grade 1) of patients receiving ZYNYZ. No patients discontinued or withheld ZYNYZ due to thyroiditis. Thyroiditis resolved in 1 of the 3 patients.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurred in 10% (46/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 2 (4.9%). No patients discontinued ZYNYZ due to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism led to withholding of ZYNYZ in 0.4% of patients. Systemic corticosteroids were required for 1 patient and 78% (36/46) of patients received endocrine therapy.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism occurred in 6% (26/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 2 (2.7%). No patients discontinued ZYNYZ due to hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism led to withholding of ZYNYZ in 0.4% of patients. Systemic corticosteroids were required for 15% (4/26) of patients and 50% (13/26) of patients received endocrine therapy.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Which Can Present with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Monitor patients for hyperglycemia or other signs and symptoms of diabetes. Initiate treatment with insulin as clinically indicated. Withhold ZYNYZ depending on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 )] .

Type 1 diabetes mellitus occurred in 0.2% (1/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 3 (0.2%). This event led to ZYNYZ being withheld and did not lead to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ. The patient received insulin.

Immune-Mediated Nephritis with Renal Dysfunction

ZYNYZ can cause immune-mediated nephritis.

Immune-mediated nephritis occurred in 2% (9/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 4 (0.4%), Grade 3 (1.1%), and Grade 2 (0.4%). Nephritis led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 1.1% of patients and withholding of ZYNYZ in 0.7% of patients.

Systemic corticosteroids were required in 67% (6/9) of patients. Nephritis resolved in 4 of the 9 patients. Of the 3 patients in whom ZYNYZ was withheld for immune-mediated nephritis, 1 reinitiated ZYNYZ after symptom improvement and did not have recurrence of immune-mediated nephritis.

Immune-Mediated Dermatologic Adverse Reactions

ZYNYZ can cause immune-mediated rash or dermatitis. Bullous and exfoliative dermatitis, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), has occurred with PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibodies. Topical emollients and/or topical corticosteroids may be adequate to treat mild to moderate non-exfoliative rashes. Withhold or permanently discontinue ZYNYZ depending on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 )] .

Immune-mediated skin reactions occurred in 10% (43/452) of patients receiving ZYNYZ, including Grade 4 (0.2%), Grade 3 (1.1%), and Grade 2 (8%). Immune-mediated dermatologic adverse reactions led to permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ in 0.7% of patients and withholding of ZYNYZ in 2.7% of patients.

Systemic corticosteroids were required in 33% (14/43) of patients. Immune-mediated dermatologic adverse reactions resolved in 72% (31/43) of patients. Of the 12 patients in whom ZYNYZ was withheld for immune-mediated dermatologic adverse reactions, 8 reinitiated ZYNYZ after symptom improvement; of these, 2 had recurrence of immune-mediated dermatologic adverse reactions.

Other Immune-Mediated Adverse Reactions

The following clinically significant immune-mediated adverse reactions occurred at an incidence of < 1% in 452 patients who received ZYNYZ [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] or were reported with the use of other PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibodies, including severe or fatal cases.

Cardiac/vascular: myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis

Gastrointestinal: pancreatitis, to include increases in serum amylase and lipase levels, gastritis, duodenitis

Musculoskeletal: myositis/polymyositis, rhabdomyolysis (and associated sequelae, including renal failure), arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica

Neurological: meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis and demyelination, myasthenic syndrome/myasthenia gravis (including exacerbation), Guillain-Barré syndrome, nerve paresis, autoimmune neuropathy

Ocular: uveitis, iritis, and other ocular inflammatory toxicities. Some cases can be associated with retinal detachment. Various grades of visual impairment to include blindness can occur. If uveitis occurs in combination with other immune-mediated adverse reactions, consider a Vogt‑Koyanagi-Harada–like syndrome, as this may require treatment with systemic steroids to reduce the risk of permanent vision loss.

Endocrine: hypoparathyroidism

Other (Hematologic/Immune): hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi lymphadenitis), sarcoidosis, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, solid organ transplant rejection, other transplant (including corneal graft) rejection.

A severe infusion-related reaction (Grade 3) occurred in 5 (0.8%) of 606 patients receiving ZYNYZ [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of infusion‑related reactions. Interrupt or slow the rate of infusion or permanently discontinue ZYNYZ based on severity of reaction [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 )] . Consider premedication with an antipyretic and/or an antihistamine for patients who have had previous systemic reactions to infusions of therapeutic proteins.

Fatal and other serious complications can occur in patients who receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) before or after being treated with a PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibody. Transplant-related complications include hyperacute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, hepatic veno-occlusive disease after reduced intensity conditioning, and steroid-requiring febrile syndrome (without an identified infectious cause). These complications may occur despite intervening therapy between PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and allogeneic HSCT.

Follow patients closely for evidence of transplant-related complications and intervene promptly. Consider the benefit versus risks of treatment with a PD-1/PD-L1–blocking antibody prior to or after an allogeneic HSCT.

Based on its mechanism of action, ZYNYZ can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Animal studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can lead to increased risk of immune-mediated rejection of the developing fetus, resulting in fetal death. Advise women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with ZYNYZ and for 4 months after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 , 8.3 )] .

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The safety population described in Warnings and Precautions reflects exposure to ZYNYZ 500 mg as an intravenous infusion every 4 weeks in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in 154 patients with SCAC enrolled in the POD1UM-303 trial, and as a single agent in 94 patients with SCAC in the POD1UM-202 trial, 107 patients with MCC in the POD1UM-201 trial, and 251 patients with other solid tumors. All patients received ZYNYZ until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity; those in the POD1UM-202 and POD1UM-201 trials received ZYNYZ for up to 24 months and those in the POD1UM-303 trial received ZYNYZ for up to 12 months. The median duration of exposure of the pooled monotherapy population was 5.4 months (range: 1 day to 27 months).

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Canal (SCAC)

Inoperable Locally Recurrent or Metastatic SCAC: ZYNYZ in Combination with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel

The safety of ZYNYZ in patients with inoperable locally recurrent or metastatic SCAC was evaluated in 154 patients enrolled in the POD1UM-303 trial [see Clinical Studies (14.1 )] .  Patients received ZYNYZ 500 mg or placebo intravenously every 4 weeks in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel for 6 cycles followed by ZYNYZ 500 mg or placebo every 4 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Among patients who received ZYNYZ, the median duration of exposure was 7.4 months (range: 1 day to 14.6 months).

Serious adverse reactions occurred in 47% of patients receiving ZYNYZ in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel. The most frequent serious adverse reactions (≥ 2% of patients) were sepsis (3.2%), pulmonary embolism (3.2%), diarrhea (2.6%), and vomiting (2.6%).

In patients receiving ZYNYZ in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, ZYNYZ was permanently discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 11% of patients. Adverse reactions that resulted in permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ included immune-mediated enterocolitis (2 patients), warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, adrenal insufficiency, blood bilirubin increased, AST increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, arthritis, encephalopathy, peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, hypothyroidism, immune‑mediated cholangitis, pruritus, malaise, and rash (1 patient each).

Dosage interruptions due to an adverse reaction, excluding temporary interruptions due to infusion-related reactions, occurred in 55% of patients who received ZYNYZ in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Adverse reactions that resulted in dosage interruptions in ≥ 2% of patients were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, fatigue, COVID-19, and urinary tract infection.

The most common (≥ 20%) adverse reactions were fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, nausea, alopecia, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, constipation, hemorrhage, rash, vomiting, decreased appetite, pruritus, and abdominal pain.

Table 3 and Table 4 summarize adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities, respectively, that occurred in POD1UM-303.

Platinum-refractory Intolerant Locally Recurrent or Metastatic SCAC: ZYNYZ as a Single Agent

The safety of ZYNYZ in patients with platinum-refractory intolerant locally recurrent or metastatic SCAC was evaluated in 94 patients in the POD1UM‑202 trial [see Clinical Studies (14.1 )] . Patients received ZYNYZ 500 mg intravenously every 4 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 24 months. The median duration of exposure was 2.8 months (range: 1 day to 27.1 months).

Serious adverse reactions occurred in 40% of patients receiving ZYNYZ. The most frequent serious adverse reactions (≥ 2% of patients) were non-urinary tract infection, perineal pain, abdominal pain, anemia, hemorrhage, diarrhea, pyrexia, urinary tract infection, musculoskeletal pain, and dyspnea.

Permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ due to an adverse reaction occurred in 4.3% of patients. These adverse reactions included diarrhea, non-urinary tract infection, perineal pain, and rash.

Dosage interruptions due to an adverse reaction occurred in 21% of patients who received ZYNYZ. Adverse reactions that resulted in dose delay in ≥ 2% of patients who received ZYNYZ were non-urinary tract infection, rash, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hemorrhage, musculoskeletal pain, pyrexia, and urinary tract infection.

The most common (≥ 10%) adverse reactions that occurred in patients receiving ZYNYZ were fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, non-urinary tract infections, perineal pain, hemorrhage, urinary tract infection, rash, nausea, decreased appetite, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspnea, pyrexia, vomiting, cough, pruritus, hypothyroidism, headache, and decreased weight.

Table 5 and Table 6 summarize adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities, respectively, that occurred in POD1UM-202.

Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)

Metastatic or Recurrent Locally Advanced MCC: ZYNYZ as a Single Agent

The safety of ZYNYZ was evaluated in 107 patients enrolled in the POD1UM-201 trial with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced MCC [see Clinical Studies (14.2)] . Patients received ZYNYZ 500 mg intravenously every 4 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 24 months. The median duration of exposure was 10.3 months (range: 1 day to 25 months).

Serious adverse reactions occurred in 26% of patients receiving ZYNYZ. The most frequent serious adverse reactions (≥ 2% of patients) were fatigue, arrhythmia, and pneumonitis.

Permanent discontinuation of ZYNYZ due to an adverse reaction occurred in 21% of patients. These included asthenia, colitis, demyelinating polyneuropathy, diarrhea, drug hypersensitivity, eosinophilic fasciitis, hepatitis, hypophysitis, increased transaminases, infusion-related reaction, pancreatitis, polyarthritis, radiculopathy, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and tubulointerstitial nephritis (1 patient each).

Dosage interruptions due to an adverse reaction occurred in 39% of patients who received ZYNYZ. Adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities that required dosage interruption in > 2% of patients who received ZYNYZ were increased transaminases, increased lipase, increased amylase, and pyrexia.

The most common (≥ 10%) adverse reactions that occurred in patients receiving ZYNYZ were musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, pruritus, diarrhea, rash, pyrexia, nausea, and constipation.

Table 7 and Table 8 summarize adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities, respectively, that occurred in POD1UM-201.

Binding of the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, to the PD-1 receptor found on T cells, inhibits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Upregulation of PD-1 ligands occurs in some tumors, and signaling through this pathway can contribute to inhibition of active T-cell immune surveillance of tumors.

Retifanlimab-dlwr binds to the PD-1 receptor, blocks interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD‑L2, and potentiates T-cell activity.

The exposure-response relationship and time course of pharmacodynamic response for safety and effectiveness of retifanlimab-dlwr have not been fully characterized.

The pharmacokinetics of retifanlimab-dlwr were evaluated in patients with various solid tumors, including patients with SCAC and patients with MCC. Retifanlimab-dlwr exposures (maximum concentration [C _max ] and area under the curve [AUC]) increased proportionally over a dosage range from 375 mg to 750 mg (0.75- to 1.5-fold of the approved recommended dose).

Following administration of retifanlimab-dlwr at 500 mg every 4 weeks, steady-state concentrations were achieved at Cycle 6 (approximately 6 months) and systemic accumulation was 1.3-fold.

Distribution

The geometric mean volume of distribution at steady state for retifanlimab-dlwr is 6.0 L (coefficient of variation [CV]: 20%).

Elimination

The elimination half-life of retifanlimab-dlwr at steady state is 19 days (CV: 30%). Clearance of retifanlimab-dlwr after the first dose was 0.3 L/day (CV: 38%) and decreased over time by approximately 23%, resulting in a steady-state clearance of 0.23 L/day.

Specific Populations

The following factors have no clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of retifanlimab-dlwr: age (18 to 94 years), sex, body weight (33 to 133 kg), race (White, Black, Asian), albumin level (17 to 54 g/L), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (0 to 2), tumor burden (sum of the target lesion diameters: 0 to 360 mm), HIV status, renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 26 mL/min/1.73 m ² ), or mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin less than or equal to the ULN and AST greater than ULN or total bilirubin greater than ULN and less than or equal to 1.5 times ULN and any AST). The pharmacokinetics of retifanlimab-dlwr have not been studied in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment.

The observed incidence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Differences in assay methods preclude meaningful comparisons of the incidence of ADAs in the studies described below with the incidence of ADAs in other studies, including those of ZYNYZ or of other retifanlimab products.

ADAs were tested in 153 patients with SCAC who received ZYNYZ in POD1UM-303 and 94 patients with SCAC who received ZYNYZ in POD1UM-202. The incidence of retifanlimab treatment-emergent ADAs was determined using a bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following a median exposure time of 226 days in POD1UM-303 and 85 days in POD1UM‑202. None of the patients in POD1UM‑303 or POD1UM-202 tested positive for retifanlimab treatment-emergent ADAs.

ADAs were tested in 106 patients with MCC who received ZYNYZ in POD1UM-201. The incidence of retifanlimab treatment-emergent ADAs was 2.8% (3/106) using a bridging enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay following a median exposure time of 312 days. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 2 of 3 patients with treatment-emergent ADAs. The effect of these antibodies on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and/or effectiveness of retifanlimab products is unknown.

No studies have been performed to assess the potential of retifanlimab-dlwr for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity.

In 1-month and 3-month repeat-dose toxicology studies in monkeys, there were no notable effects in the male and female reproductive organs; however, most animals in these studies were not sexually mature.

In animal models, inhibition of PD-L1/PD-1 signaling increased the severity of some infections and enhanced inflammatory responses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis –infected PD-1 knockout mice exhibit markedly decreased survival compared with wild-type controls, which correlated with increased bacterial proliferation and inflammatory responses in these animals. PD-1 blockade using a primate anti-PD-1 antibody was also shown to exacerbate M. tuberculosis infection in rhesus macaques. PD-L1 and PD-1 knockout mice and mice receiving PD-L1 blocking antibody have also shown decreased survival following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

ZYNYZ in Combination with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel for the Treatment of Inoperable Locally Recurrent or Metastatic SCAC

The efficacy of ZYNYZ in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel was evaluated in study POD1UM-303/InterAACT 2 (NCT04472429), a randomized, multicenter, double-blind study in 308 patients with chemotherapy-naïve inoperable locally recurrent or metastatic SCAC. Patients with active autoimmune disease or a medical condition that required immunosuppression, severe hepatic or renal impairment, clinically significant cardiac disease, history of organ transplant, or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score (PS) ≥ 2 were ineligible. Patients who had not received prior systemic therapy other than a radiosensitizing agent or neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy completed > 6 months prior to study entry were eligible, as were patients who were HIV-positive if they had an undetectable viral load, a CD4+ count ≥ 200 cells/microliter, and were receiving antiretroviral therapy. The study did not enroll patients who received prior treatment with PD-L1‑directed therapies.

Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either:

• ZYNYZ 500 mg intravenously every 4 weeks on Day 1, carboplatin AUC of 5 on Day 1, and paclitaxel 80 mg/m ² on Days 1, 8, and 15 for 6 cycles followed by ZYNYZ 500 mg intravenously every 4 weeks, or
• Placebo intravenously every 4 weeks on Day 1, carboplatin AUC 5 mg/mL on Day 1, and paclitaxel 80 mg/m ² on Days 1, 8, and 15 for 6 cycles followed by placebo 500 mg intravenously every 4 weeks.

Randomization was stratified by PD-L1 expression (< 1% versus ≥ 1%), region, and extent of disease (locally recurrent versus metastatic). Treatment with ZYNYZ continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal of consent, for up to 12 months. Tumor response assessments were performed every 8 weeks throughout the treatment period. Patients randomized to the placebo arm were offered ZYNYZ as a single agent at the time of disease progression.

The major efficacy outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) as assessed by a blinded independent central review (BICR) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 and overall survival (OS). Additional efficacy outcome measures included objective response rate (ORR) and duration of response (DOR), as assessed by BICR.

Among the 308 patients evaluated, the median age was 62 years (range: 29-86); 72% female, 87% White, 1.6% Black, 6% Asian, 3.2% race unknown or not reported; 7% were Hispanic or Latino, 85% were not Hispanic or Latino, 8% ethnicity unknown or not reported; 55% had an ECOG performance status (PS) of 0 and 45% had an ECOG PS of 1; 3.6% were HIV-positive and 96% had unknown or negative HIV status. Thirty-five percent of patients had prior surgery, and 71% of patients had prior radiotherapy. Eighty-three percent of patients had metastatic disease at baseline. PD-L1 expression of ≥ 1% was present in 91% of tumors. Of the 199 patients with tumor tissue available for central review, 150 (75%) were positive for human papillomavirus P16 protein expression.

Efficacy results of the final analysis of PFS and interim analysis of OS are summarized in Table 9 and Figure 1. There were 69 patients (45%) from the placebo arm who received ZYNYZ as a single agent after disease progression. OS results were not statistically significant at this interim analysis.

Figure 1:         Kaplan-Meier Curves for PFS in POD1UM-303/InterAACT 2

Study POD1UM-202: As a Single Agent for the Treatment of Platinum-refractory or Intolerant Locally Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Canal

The efficacy of ZYNYZ was evaluated in study POD1UM-202 (NCT03597295), an open-label, multicenter, single-arm study in 94 patients with locally recurrent or metastatic SCAC who progressed on or were intolerant of platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients with active autoimmune disease or a medical condition that required immunosuppression or ECOG PS ≥ 2 were ineligible. Patients who were HIV-positive, had an undetectable viral load, a CD4+ count ≥ 300 cells/microliter, and were receiving antiretroviral therapy were eligible.

Patients received ZYNYZ 500 mg intravenously every 4 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 24 months. Tumor response assessments were performed every 8 weeks throughout the treatment period.

The major efficacy outcomes were ORR and DOR as assessed by an independent central review committee (IRC) according to RECIST v1.1.

The median age of enrolled patients was 64 years (range: 37-94); 49% ≥ 65 years; 65% female, 77% White, 1.1% Black, 22% race unknown or not reported; 4.3% were Hispanic or Latino, 52% were not Hispanic or Latino, 44% ethnicity unknown or not reported; 42% had an ECOG PS of 0 and 59% had an ECOG PS of 1; 10% were HIV‑positive. Forty-six percent of patients had prior surgery and 87% of patients had prior radiotherapy. Eighty-one percent of patients had metastatic disease at baseline. Of the 58 patients with tumor tissue available for review, 54 (93%) were positive for HPV.

Efficacy results from POD1UM‑202 are summarized in Table 10.

The efficacy of ZYNYZ was evaluated in study POD1UM-201 (NCT03599713), an open-label, multiregional, single-arm study in 101 patients with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced MCC who had not received prior systemic therapy for their advanced disease. Patients with active autoimmune disease or a medical condition that required immunosuppression were ineligible. Patients who were HIV-positive, with an undetectable viral load, a CD4+ count ≥ 300 cells/microliter and receiving antiretroviral therapy were eligible.

Patients received ZYNYZ 500 mg intravenously every 4 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 24 months. Tumor response assessments were performed every 8 weeks for the first year of therapy and 12 weeks thereafter.

The major efficacy outcomes were ORR and DOR as assessed by an IRC according to RECIST v1.1.

The median age of enrolled patients was 71 years (range: 38-90); 39% were ≥ 75 years; 67% of patients were male; 77% of patients were White, 1% were Asian, race was not reported in 22% of patients; 1% were Hispanic, 74% were non-Hispanic, ethnicity was not reported in 25% of patients; 73% had an ECOG performance status of 0 and 27% had an ECOG performance status of 1; 1 patient was HIV-positive. Sixty-eight percent of patients had prior surgery and 37% of patients had prior radiotherapy. Ninety percent of patients had metastatic disease at baseline. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was detected in 76% of evaluable biopsy samples.

Efficacy results are summarized in Table 11.