Get your patient on Hydrocodone Bitartrate And Homatropine Methylbromide - Hydrocodone Bitartrate And Homatropine Methylbromide tablet (Hydrocodone Bitartrate And Homatropine Methylbromide)

Administer Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets by the oral route only.

Advise patients not to increase the dose or dosing frequency of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets because serious adverse events such as respiratory depression may occur with overdosage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) , Overdosage (10) ].  The dosage of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets should not be increased if cough fails to respond; an unresponsive cough should be reevaluated for possible underlying pathology [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) , Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

Adults 18 years of age and older : One (1) tablet every 4 to 6 hours as needed; not to exceed six (6) tablets in 24 hours.

Prescribe Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets for the shortest duration that is consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] .

Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] .

Reevaluate patients with unresponsive cough in 5 days or sooner for possible underlying pathology, such as foreign body or lower respiratory tract disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]. If a patient requires a refill, reevaluate the cause of the cough and assess the need for continued treatment with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, the relative incidence of adverse reactions, and the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].

Do not abruptly discontinue Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in a physically-dependent patient [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3) ]. When a patient who has been taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets regularly and may be physically dependent no longer requires therapy with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, taper the dose gradually, by 25% to 50% every 2 to 4 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both.

Risk Summary

Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are not recommended for use in pregnant women, including during or immediately prior to labor.

Prolonged use of opioids during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13) , Clinical Considerations ].

There are no available data with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets use in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk for adverse developmental outcomes. Published studies with hydrocodone have reported inconsistent findings and have important methodological limitations ( see Data ).

Reproductive toxicity studies have not been conducted with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets; however, studies are available with individual active ingredients or related active ingredients ( see Data ).

In animal reproduction studies, hydrocodone administered by the subcutaneous route to pregnant hamsters during the period of organogenesis produced a teratogenic effect at a dose approximately 45 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) ( see Data ).

Based on the animal data, advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13) ].

Labor or Delivery

Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate.  Opioids, including Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioids during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.

Data

Human Data

Hydrocodone

A limited number of pregnancies have been reported in published observational studies and postmarketing reports describing hydrocodone use during pregnancy. However, these data cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. Methodological limitations of these observational studies include small sample size and lack of details regarding dose, duration and timing of exposure.

Animal Data

Reproductive toxicity studies have not been conducted with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets; however, studies are available with individual active ingredients or related active ingredients.

Hydrocodone

In an embryofetal development study in pregnant hamsters dosed on gestation day 8 during the period of organogenesis, hydrocodone induced cranioschisis, a malformation, at approximately 45 times the MRHD (on a mg/m2 basis with a maternal subcutaneous dose of 102 mg/kg).  Reproductive toxicology studies were also conducted with codeine, an opiate related to hydrocodone. In an embryofetal development study in pregnant rats dosed throughout the period of organogenesis, codeine increased resorptions and decreased fetal weights at a dose approximately 65 times the MRHD of hydrocodone (on a mg/m2 basis with a maternal oral dose of codeine at 120 mg/kg/day); however, these effects occurred in the presence of maternal toxicity. In embryofetal development studies with pregnant rabbits and mice dosed throughout the period of organogenesis, codeine produced no adverse developmental effects at doses approximately 30 and 160 times, respectively, the MRHD of hydrocodone (on a mg/m2 basis with maternal oral doses of codeine at 30 mg/kg/day in rabbits and 600 mg/kg/day in mice).

Homatropine

Animal studies with homatropine are not available.

Risk Summary

Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation, respiratory depression, and death in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets.

There are no data on the presence of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in human milk, the effects of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets on the breastfed infant, or the effects of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets on milk production; however, data are available with hydrocodone and homatropine.

Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone is present in breast milk. Published cases report variable concentrations of hydrocodone and hydromorphone (an active metabolite) in breast milk with administration of immediate-release hydrocodone to nursing mothers in the early post-partum period with relative infant doses of hydrocodone ranging between 1.4% and 3.7%. There are case reports of excessive sedation and respiratory depression in breastfed infants exposed to hydrocodone.  No information is available on the effects of hydrocodone on milk production.

Homatropine

No information is available on the levels of homatropine in breast milk or on milk production. The published literature suggests that homatropine may decrease milk production based on its anticholinergic effects. ( see Clinical Considerations )

Clinical Considerations

Infants exposed to Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets through breast milk should be monitored for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid is stopped, or when breastfeeding is stopped.

Infertility

Chronic use of opioids, such as hydrocodone, a component of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Adverse Reactions (6) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.2) ] .

Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets is contraindicated in pediatric patients younger than 6 years of age because of life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in pediatric patients who received hydrocodone [see Contraindications (4 ), Warnings and Precautions (5.2 )].

The safety and effectiveness of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets have not been established in patients younger than 18 years of age. Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets is not recommended for use in patients. younger than 18 years of age because the benefits of symptomatic treatment of cough associated with allergies or the common cold do not outweigh the risks for use of hydrocodone in these patients [see Indications (1 ), Warnings and Precautions (5.3 )].

Clinical studies have not been conducted with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in geriatric populations.

Use caution when considering the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients 65 years of age or older. Elderly patients may have increased sensitivity to hydrocodone; greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function; or concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, including Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets. Respiratory depression has occurred after large initial doses of opioids were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4 , 5.8) ].

Hydrocodone is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, monitor these patients closely for respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.

The pharmacokinetics of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets has not been characterized in patients with renal impairment. Patients with renal impairment may have higher plasma concentrations than those with normal function [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets should be used with caution in patients with severe impairment of renal function, and patients should be monitored closely for respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.

The pharmacokinetics of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets has not been characterized in patients with hepatic impairment. Patients with severe hepatic impairment may have higher plasma concentrations than those with normal hepatic function [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 ) ].  Therefore, Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets should be used with caution in patients with severe impairment of hepatic function, and patients should be monitored closely for respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.

• Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets contain hydrocodone, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9) ], which can lead to overdose and death [see Overdosage (10 )].
• Reserve Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets for use in adult patients for whom the benefits of cough suppression are expected to outweigh the risks, and in whom an adequate assessment of the etiology of the cough has been made.
• Assess each patient's risk prior to prescribing Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, prescribe Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets for the shortest duration that is consistent with individual patient treatment goals, monitor all patients regularly for the development of addiction or abuse, and refill only after reevaluation of the need for continued treatment.
• Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression).
• Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug. Contact local state professional licensing board or state-controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.

• Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, including hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets. Hydrocodone produces dose-related respiratory depression by directly acting on the brain stem respiratory center that controls respiratory rhythm and may produce irregular and periodic breathing. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression includes discontinuation of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists (e.g. naloxone), depending on the patient's clinical status [see Overdosage (10 )]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.
• While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy, when Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are used concomitantly with other drugs that may cause respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8 )], in patients with chronic pulmonary disease or decreased respiratory reserve, and in patients with altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance (e.g. elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4 )].
• To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are essential [see Dosage and Administration (2.1 ), Warnings and Precautions (5.5 )]. Monitor patients closely, especially within the first 24to72 hours of initiating therapy or when used in patients at higher risk.
• Overdose of hydrocodone in adults has been associated with fatal respiratory depression, and the use of hydrocodone in pediatric patients younger than 6 years of age has been associated with fatal respiratory depression when used as recommended. Accidental ingestion of even one dose of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death.

pediatric patients are particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of hydrocodone [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]. Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death, Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets is contraindicated in pediatric patients less than 6 years of age [ see Contraindications (4) ].

Use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in pediatric patients also exposes them to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [ see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9) ] , which can lead to overdose and death [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Overdosage (10) ] . Because the benefits of symptomatic treatment of cough associated with allergies or the common cold do not outweigh the risks of use of hydrocodone in pediatric patients, Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets is not indicated for use in patients younger than 18 years of age [ see Indications (1), Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ].

Unresponsive Cough

The dosage of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets should not be increased if cough fails to respond; an unresponsive cough should be reevaluated in 5 days or sooner for possible underlying pathology, such as foreign body or lower respiratory tract disease [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ].

Asthma and Other Pulmonary Disease

The use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) ].

Opioid analgesics and antitussives, including hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, should not be used in patients with acute febrile illness associated with productive cough or in patients with chronic respiratory disease where interference with ability to clear the tracheobronchial tree of secretions would have a deleterious effect on the patient's respiratory function.

Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets -treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale , and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] .

Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients :

• Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ].
• Because of the risk of respiratory depression, avoid the use of opioid antitussives, including Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients with compromised respiratory function, patients at risk of respiratory failure, and in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients. If Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are prescribed, monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets and when Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ].

Dosing errors can result in accidental overdose and death. To reduce the risk of overdose and respiratory depression, ensure that the dose of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are communicated clearly and dispensed accurately [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ].

Hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, may produce marked drowsiness and impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. Advise patients to avoid engaging in hazardous tasks requiring mental alertness and motor coordination after ingestion of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets.  Avoid concurrent use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants because additional impairment of central nervous system performance may occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ].

Concomitant use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), may increase plasma concentrations of hydrocodone and prolong opioid adverse reactions, which may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ], particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are achieved. Similarly, discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablet -treated patients may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions.

Concomitant use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inhibitor could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy or, possibly, lead to a withdrawal syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.

Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients who are taking a CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer. If concomitant use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets with a CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer is necessary, monitor patients for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal [see Drug Interactions (7.2 , 7.3) ].

Concomitant use of opioids, including Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, with benzodiazepines, or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Because of these risks, avoid use of opioid cough medications in patients taking benzodiazepines and/or other CNS depressants, or alcohol [see Drug Interactions (7.1 , 7.4) ].

Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioids alone. Because of similar pharmacologic properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with concomitant use of opioid cough medications and benzodiazepines, other CNS depressants, or alcohol.

Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation if Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are used with benzodiazepines, alcohol, or other CNS depressants [see Patient Counseling Information (17) ] .

Patients must not consume alcoholic beverages, or prescription or non-prescription products containing alcohol, while on Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets therapy. The co-ingestion of alcohol with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may result in increased plasma levels and a potentially fatal overdose of hydrocodone [see Drug Interactions (7.1) ].

Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus [see Contraindications (4) ]. The use of hydrocodone in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions.

The concurrent use of anticholinergics with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may produce paralytic ileus [see Drug Interactions (7.9) ].

The hydrocodone in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may result in constipation or obstructive bowel disease, especially in patients with underlying intestinal motility disorders. Use with caution in patients with underlying intestinal motility disorders.

The hydrocodone in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in an increase in biliary tract pressure. Opioids may cause increases in serum amylase [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15) ]. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis for worsening symptoms.

Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients with head injury, intracranial lesions, or a pre-existing increase in intracranial pressure. In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Furthermore, opioids produce adverse reactions that may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries.

The hydrocodone in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets therapy.

Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see Drug Interactions (7.4 )]. Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets.

In patients with circulatory shock, Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients with circulatory shock.

Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are not recommended for use in pregnant women. Prolonged use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly. Advise pregnant women using opioids for a prolonged period of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available. [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) , Patient Counseling Information (17) ]

Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible.  If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.

Because opioid agonists may increase biliary tract pressure, with resultant increase in plasma amylase or lipase levels, determination of these enzyme levels may be unreliable for 24 hours after administration of a dose of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets.

Concomitant use of alcohol with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets can result in an increase of hydrocodone plasma levels and potentially fatal overdose of hydrocodone. Instruct patients not to consume alcoholic beverages or use prescription or nonprescription products containing alcohol while on Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

The concomitant use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets and CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), or protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), can increase the plasma concentration of hydrocodone, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects. These effects could be more pronounced with concomitant use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets and CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitors, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are achieved [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ]. After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will decrease [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ], resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.

Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets while taking a CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 inhibitor. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.

The concomitant use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets and CYP3A4 inducers such as rifampin, carbamazepine, or phenytoin, can decrease the plasma concentration of hydrocodone [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ], resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to hydrocodone [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ]. After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will increase [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ], which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression.

Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients who are taking CYP3A4 inducers. If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary, follow the patient for reduced efficacy.

Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, and other opioids, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients who are taking benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ], and instruct patients to avoid consumption of alcohol while on Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets [see Drug Interactions (7.1) , Patient Counseling Information (17) ].

The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation.  Discontinue Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets if serotonin syndrome is suspected.

Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or have taken MAOIs within 14 days. The use of MAOIs or tricyclic antidepressants with hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets, may increase the effect of either the antidepressant or hydrocodone. MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma) .

Hydrocodone may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression.  Avoid the use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets in patients taking muscle relaxants.

If concomitant use is necessary, evaluate patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected.

Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Evaluate patients for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure and increase the dosage of the diuretic as needed.

The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ]. Evaluate patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide Tablets are used concomitantly with anticholinergic drugs.

Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone is an opioid agonist with relative selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can interact with other opioid receptors at higher doses. The precise mechanism of action of hydrocodone and other opiates is not known; however, hydrocodone is believed to act centrally on the cough center. In excessive doses, hydrocodone will depress respiration.

Homatropine

Homatropine is an anticholinergic that inhibits activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor with less potency than atropine.

Hydrocodone

Effects on the Central Nervous System

Hydrocodone produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and to electrical stimulation.

Hydrocodone causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings).

Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.

Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle

Hydrocodone causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Hydrocodone produces peripheral vasodilation which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes and sweating and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Effects on the Endocrine System

Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans [see Adverse Reactions (6) ]. They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon.

Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date [see Adverse Reactions (6) ].

Effects on the Immune System

Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.

Concentration–Adverse Reaction Relationships

There is a relationship between increasing hydrocodone plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions.

Homatropine

Homatropine methylbromide has several mild but undesirable clinical properties resulting from its antisecretory effects. These can include: dry mouth, loss of visual accommodation, photophobia, and difficulty in urination. The extent of the above actions is dictated by dose, dose escalation, therefore, results in progressively aversive symptoms in patients.

Absorption

Following a 10 mg oral dose of hydrocodone administered to five adult male subjects, the mean peak concentration was 23.6 ± 5.2 ng/mL. Maximum serum levels were achieved at 1.3 ± 0.3 hours. Food has no significant effect on the extent of absorption of hydrocodone.

Distribution

Although the extent of protein binding of hydrocodone in human plasma has not been definitively determined, structural similarities to related opioid analgesics suggest that hydrocodone is not extensively protein bound. As most agents in the 5-ring morphinan group of semi-synthetic opioids bind plasma protein to a similar degree (range 19% [hydromorphone] to 45% [oxycodone]), hydrocodone is expected to fall within this range.

Elimination

Metabolism

Hydrocodone exhibits a complex pattern of metabolism, including N-demethylation, O-demethylation, and 6keto reduction to the corresponding 6-α-and 6-β-hydroxy metabolites. CYP3A4- mediated N-demethylation to norhydrocodone is the primary metabolic pathway of hydrocodone with a lower contribution from CYP2D6 mediated O-demethylation to hydromorphone. Hydromorphone is formed from the O-demethylation of hydrocodone and may contribute to the total analgesic effect of hydrocodone. Therefore, the formation of these and related metabolites can, in theory, be affected by other drugs [see Drug Interactions (7.2) ]. Published in vitro studies have shown that N-demethylation of hydrocodone to form norhydrocodone can be attributed to CYP3A4 while O-demethylation of hydrocodone to hydromorphone is predominantly catalyzed by CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent by an unknown low affinity CYP enzyme.

Excretion

Hydrocodone and its metabolites are eliminated primarily in the kidneys. The mean plasma half-life of hydrocodone is approximately 4 hours.

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies have not been conducted with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Homatropine Methylbromide; however, published information is available for the individual active ingredients or related active ingredients.

Hydrocodone

Carcinogenicity studies were conducted with codeine, an opiate related to hydrocodone. Two-year studies in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were conducted to assess the carcinogenic potential of codeine. No evidence of tumorigenicity was observed in male and female rats at codeine dietary doses up to 70 and 80 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to 40 and 45 times the MRHD of hydrocodone on a mg/m2 basis, respectively).

No evidence of tumorigenicity was observed in male and female mice at codeine dietary doses up to 400 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to 110 times the MRHD of hydrocodone on a mg/m2 basis).

Mutagenicity studies with hydrocodone have not been conducted. Fertility studies with hydrocodone have not been conducted.

Homatropine

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies with homatropine have not been conducted.