Get your patient on Kyxata - Carboplatin injection (Carboplatin)

KYXATA, as part of a combination regimen, is indicated for the initial treatment of adults with advanced ovarian carcinoma.

KYXATA is indicated for treatment of adults with ovarian carcinoma recurrent after prior chemotherapy.

Administer KYXATA in a setting where cardiopulmonary resuscitation medication and equipment are available [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].

Premedicate patients with antiemetics prior to each infusion of KYXATA for the prevention of nausea and vomiting. Continue antiemetics following infusion as needed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ].

Initial Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma with Cyclophosphamide

• KYXATA 300 mg/m ² -OR- AUC of 4 mg/mL∙min to 6 mg/mL∙min• intravenously in combination with cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m ² intravenously on Day 1 every 4 weeks for each cycle.

•Carboplatin Dose (mg) = Target Area Under the Curve (AUC) (mg/mL/min) x (GFR + 25). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is commonly calculated as estimated creatinine clearance (CLcr) using the Cockroft-Gault formula.

• Administer up to six cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs.

Refer to cyclophosphamide prescribing information for additional information.

For older adults, calculate the dose based on AUC to reduce risk of severe adverse reactions.

Individualize the dose and dosing schedule of KYXATA based on the specific regimen administered, response to treatment, and patient risk factors [see Dosage and Administration (2.3 , 2.4) ].

Secondary Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma as a Single Agent

• KYXATA 360 mg/m ² -OR- AUC of 4 mg/mL ∙ min to 6 mg/mL ∙ min• intravenously on Day 1 every 4 weeks for each cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs.

• Carboplatin Dose (mg) = Target AUC (mg/mL/min) x (GFR + 25). GFR is commonly calculated as estimated creatinine clearance (CLcr) using the Cockroft-Gault formula.

For older adults, calculate the dose based on AUC to reduce risk of severe adverse reactions.

Individualize the dose and dosing schedule of KYXATA based on response to treatment and patient risk factors [see Dosage and Administration (2.3, 2.4) ].

For a patients administered a dose based on body surface area as a single agent or combination, dosage modifications are shown in Table 1.

Monitor complete blood counts prior to treatment, weekly during treatment, and as clinically indicated [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ].

For patients administered a dose based on AUC , no dose modification is recommended for renal impairment.

For patients administered a dose based on body surface area , the recommended doses for renal impairment are described in Table 2 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. A recommended dose has not been established for patients with creatinine clearance <16 mL/min.

Preparation

KYXATA is a hazardous drug. Follow applicable handling and disposal procedures. ¹

Do not use needles or intravenous infusion sets containing aluminum; aluminum reacts with carboplatin causing precipitate formation and a loss of potency.

Visually inspect KYXATA vials prior to use. Discard solution if particulate matter or discoloration are observed.

KYXATA is supplied as a multiple-dose vial. After first use, store the partially used vial in the original carton at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) and then discard after 28 days.

• Withdraw the calculated dose of KYXATA from the vial.
• Prior to administration, KYXATA can be further diluted to concentrations as low as 0.5 mg/mL with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.
• Diluted carboplatin solution for infusion when prepared as directed in an infusion bag should be used immediately, but may be stored at room temperature (20°C  to 25°C) for a maximum of 8 hours. Discard KYXATA infusion solution 8 hours after dilution.

Administration

Administer KYXATA by intravenous infusion over 30 to 60 minutes.

Risk Summary

Based on findings from animals and its mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1) ] , KYXATA can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Available data from case reports with carboplatin use in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk. Administration of carboplatin to pregnant rats caused adverse developmental outcomes, including embryo-lethality and structural abnormalities (see Data) . Advise pregnant women and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus.

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Data

Animal Data

Carboplatin administered to pregnant rats was embryo-lethal and teratogenic.

Risk Summary

There are limited data on the presence of carboplatin or its metabolites in human milk, its effects on a breastfed child, or its effects on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in a breastfed child, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with KYXATA and for 1 week after the last dose.

KYXATA can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ].

Pregnancy Testing

Verify pregnancy status in females of reproductive potential prior to initiating KYXATA.

Contraception

Females

Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with KYXATA and for 6 months after the last dose.

Males

Based on genotoxicity findings, advise male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with KYXATA and for 3 months after the last dose [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] .

The safety and effectiveness of KYXATA in pediatric patients have not been established .

Pediatric patients may be at risk of hearing loss if KYXATA is administered at higher than recommended dosages or in combination with other ototoxic agents.

Of the 395 patients treated with carboplatin in combination with cyclophosphamide, 141 (36%) were over 65 years of age, and 22 (6%) were 75 years and older [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ].

No overall differences in effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients.

Elderly patients treated with carboplatin were more likely to develop severe thrombocytopenia or peripheral neuropathy than younger patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2 , 5.4) ]

Of the 1,942 patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies from pooled clinical trials that received single-agent carboplatin, 414 (21%) were 65 years of age and older, and a similar incidence of other adverse reactions was seen in these older patients compared to patients less than 65 years of age.

Consider renal function when selecting the KYXATA dose for older adults since they often have decreased renal function. To minimize the risk of toxicity in older adults, calculate the dose based on AUC [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ].

For patients administered a dose based on AUC , no dose modification is recommended for renal impairment.

For patients administered a dose based on body surface area , reduce the dose if creatinine clearance (CLcr) is 16 to 59 mL/min [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] .  A recommended dose of KYXATA has not been established for patients with CLcr <16 mL/min.

Patients with impaired renal function are at increased risk of myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] .

Hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis, can occur in patients treated with KYXATA. Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 2% of patients treated with carboplatin and included rash, urticaria, erythema, pruritus, bronchospasm, and hypotension. These adverse reactions may occur within minutes of administration and during any cycle. There is an increased risk of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in patients previously exposed to platinum-based therapy or after 6 cycles of carboplatin [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

Monitor patients receiving KYXATA for hypersensitivity reactions. Ensure supportive equipment and medications are available to treat severe hypersensitivity reactions. Severe hypersensitivity reactions may require immediate discontinuation of KYXATA.

Myelosuppression (leukopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia) is dose-dependent may be severe, and can cause fatal infections or hemorrhage in patients treated with KYXATA.

Grade 3–4 neutropenia occurred in 16% of the patients treated with carboplatin as a single agent.  Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 25% of patients with ovarian cancer.  Febrile neutropenia may occur.  Blood product transfusions were required in 26% (44% of pretreated) of patients with ovarian cancer treated with carboplatin as a single agent. Infectious and hemorrhagic complications each occurred in 5% of the patients treated with carboplatin as a single agent. Fatal adverse reactions occurred in less than 1% of patients treated with carboplatin as a single agent.

Patients with impaired kidney function are at increased risk of severe myelosuppression and may require dosage modifications [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ].

Monitor complete blood counts prior to each cycle and as clinically indicated.  If myelosuppression occurs, modify KYXATA dosage when required [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ].

KYXATA can induce emesis, which can be more severe in patients previously receiving emetogenic therapy, and is dose-dependent. Administer pre-treatment and post-treatment antiemetics as clinically indicated [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ].

Monitor and manage patients with antiemetics, or fluid replacement, as clinically indicated. Consider withholding or delaying KYXATA if nausea or vomiting is severe or intolerable and is not responsive to antiemetics.

Peripheral neuropathy, including paresthesia, can occur in patients treated with KYXATA.

Peripheral neuropathy occurred in 4% of patients receiving carboplatin as a single agent (6% of pretreated patients with ovarian cancer). Peripheral neuropathy occurred in 10% of patients older than 65 who were previously treated with carboplatin.

Prolonged treatment, treatment with other platinum-containing therapies, or use in combination with other drugs that cause peripheral neuropathy may increase the incidence or severity of peripheral neuropathy.

Monitor for signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy.  Withhold, reduce, or discontinue KYXATA depending on the severity and persistence of peripheral neuropathy as clinically indicated.

Based on findings in animals and its mechanism of action, KYXATA can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1) ] . Administration of carboplatin to pregnant rats caused adverse developmental outcomes, including embryo-fetal lethality and structural abnormalities.

Advise pregnant women and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with KYXATA and for 6 months after the last dose. Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with KYXATA and for 3 months after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 , 8.3) ].

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Initial Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Cancer

The safety of KYXATA in combination with cyclophosphamide for initial treatment of advanced ovarian cancer was evaluated in two randomized controlled studies conducted by NCIC and SWOG [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ]. Patients in the carboplatin arm received carboplatin in combination with cyclophosphamide and patients in the active-comparator arm received cisplatin in combination with cyclophosphamide.

Tables 3 and 4 summarize the adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities in the NCIC study, respectively.

Tables 5 and 6 summarize the adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities in the SWOG study, respectively.

Recurrent Ovarian Cancer

The safety of carboplatin as a single agent for patients with ovarian carcinoma recurrent after prior chemotherapy  was evaluated in two prospective, randomized controlled studies [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ].

Tables 7 and 8 summarize the adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities from these studies, respectively

Clinically relevant adverse reactions in < 5% of patients who received carboplatin included allergic reactions, alopecia, mucositis, ototoxicity, and sensory disorders.

Other Clinical Trials Experience

The following adverse reactions occurred in patients treated with carboplatin for ovarian cancer as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy in clinical trials:

The following adverse reactions occurred in patients (n=1893) with solid tumors or hematological malignancies treated with single agent carboplatin in clinical trials:

Gastrointestinal Disorders: diarrhea (6%), constipation (6%), dysgeusia (1%)

Ocular Disorders: visual disturbances (1%).

The following adverse reactions occurred in patients treated with carboplatin for ovarian cancer in combination with chemotherapy in clinical trials:

Cardiovascular: arterial thromboembolic event, venous thromboembolic event

General: fatigue, febrile neutropenia

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: fistula, wound-healing complication

Renal and Urinary Disorders: proteinuria

Respiratory :  dyspnea

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of carboplatin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

• Allergic reactions: anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, erythema, hypotension, pruritus, rash, urticaria
• Blood and Lymphatic System: hemolytic uremic syndrome, secondary acute myeloid leukemia
• Cardiovascular: cardiac failure, cerebrovascular accident, embolism, hemorrhage, hypertension
• Gastrointestinal: stomatitis
• General disorders: anorexia, dehydration, injection site reactions (including redness, pain, swelling, extravasation, and necrosis), malaise
• Infection: sepsis/septic shock
• Renal and Urinary Disorders: acute kidney injury

Avoid concomitant use of aminoglycosides with KYXATA.  Concomitant use of KYXATA with aminoglycosides increased renal toxicity and ototoxicity.

Carboplatin is a platinum-based drug that binds to DNA and forms DNA cross-links. These crosslinks inhibit DNA replication and transcription and trigger cytotoxic processes that lead to cell death.

Carboplatin exposure-response relationships and the time course of pharmacodynamic response have not been fully characterized.

Carboplatin pharmacokinetics were observed in patients with creatinine clearance (CLcr) of about 60 mL/min or greater following a dose of 300 mg/m ² to 500 mg/m ² as an intravenous infusion over 30-minutes. The C _max and AUC _0-INF increase linearly with dose, although the increase was slightly more than dose proportional.

Distribution

The volume of distribution is 16 L.

Carboplatin is not bound to plasma proteins. No significant quantities of protein-free, ultrafilterable platinum-containing species other than carboplatin are present in plasma. However, platinum from carboplatin becomes irreversibly bound to plasma proteins.

Elimination

The elimination half-life is 2.6 to 5.9 hours and the total body clearance is 4.4 L/hour.

The elimination half-life of platinum from carboplatin bound to plasma proteins is a minimum of 5 days.

Excretion

The major route of elimination of carboplatin is renal excretion with 65% of the dose excreted in the urine within 12 hours and 71% within 24 hours. All of the platinum in the 24-hour urine is present as carboplatin.

Specific Populations

Renal Impairment: In patients with CLcr below 60 mL/min, the total body and renal clearances of carboplatin decrease as renal function decreases.

The carcinogenic potential of carboplatin has not been studied, but compounds with similar mechanisms of action and mutagenicity profiles are carcinogenic.

Carboplatin is mutagenic both in vitro and in vivo.

The efficacy of carboplatin was evaluated in additional two randomized, controlled studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute of Canada, Clinical Trials Group (NCIC) and the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.

The efficacy results from the NCIC Trial are shown below in Table 10.

The efficacy results from the SWOG trial are shown below in Table 11.

In two prospective, randomized controlled studies in 47 patients with advanced ovarian cancer previously treated with chemotherapy who were treated with carboplatin as a single agent, 13% (6/47)  of patients had clinical complete responses. The duration of these responses ranged from 45 to 71+ weeks.  Within the group of patients previously treated with cisplatin, those who have developed progressive disease while receiving cisplatin therapy may have a decreased response rate.