Get your patient on Metronidazole - Metronidazole gel (Metronidazole)

Metronidazole vaginal gel is indicated in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (formerly referred to as Haemophilus vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginitis, nonspecific vaginitis, Corynebacterium vaginitis, or anaerobic vaginosis).

• NOTE: For purposes of this indication, a clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is usually defined by the presence of a homogeneous vaginal discharge that (a) has a pH of greater than 4.5, (b) emits a “fishy” amine odor when mixed with a 10% KOH solution, and (c) contains clue cells on microscopic examination. Gram’s stain results consistent with a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis include (a) markedly reduced or absent Lactobacillus morphology, (b) predominance of Gardnerella morphotype, and (c) absent or few white blood cells.

Other pathogens commonly associated with vulvovaginitis, e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis , Chlamydia trachomatis , N. gonorrhoeae , Candida albicans , and Herpes simplex virus should be ruled out.

The recommended dose is one applicator full of metronidazole vaginal gel (approximately 5 grams containing approximately 37.5 mg of metronidazole) intravaginally once or twice a day for 5 days. For once-a-day dosing, metronidazole vaginal gel should be administered at bedtime.

Metronidazole vaginal gel is contraindicated in patients with a prior history of hypersensitivity to metronidazole, parabens, other ingredients of the formulation, or other nitroimidazole derivatives.

Clinical Trials

There were no deaths or serious adverse events related to drug therapy in clinical trials involving 800 non-pregnant women who received metronidazole vaginal gel.

In a randomized, single-blind clinical trial of 505 non-pregnant women who received metronidazole vaginal gel once or twice a day, 2 patients (one from each regimen) discontinued therapy early due to drug-related adverse events. One patient discontinued drug because of moderate abdominal cramping and loose stools, while the other patient discontinued drug because of mild vaginal burning. These symptoms resolved after discontinuation of drug.

Medical events judged to be related, probably related, or possibly related to administration of metronidazole vaginal gel once or twice a day were reported for 195/505 (39%) patients. The incidence of individual adverse reactions were not significantly different between the two regimens. Unless percentages are otherwise stipulated, the incidence of individual adverse reactions listed below was less than 1%:

• Reproductive:
• Vaginal discharge (12%),
• Symptomatic Candida cervicitis/vaginitis (10%),
• Vulva/vaginal irritative symptoms (9%),
• Pelvic discomfort (3%).
• Gastrointestinal:
• Gastrointestinal discomfort (7%),
• Nausea and/or vomiting (4%),
• Unusual taste (2%),
• Diarrhea/loose stools (1%),
• Decreased appetite (1%),
• Abdominal bloating/gas; thirsty, dry mouth.
• Neurologic:
• Headache (5%),
• Dizziness (2%),
• Depression.
• Dermatologic:
• Generalized itching or rash.
• Other:
• Unspecified cramping (1%),
• Fatigue,
• Darkened urine.

In previous clinical trials submitted for approved labeling of metronidazole vaginal gel the following was also reported:

• Laboratory:
• Increased/decreased white blood cell counts (1.7%).

Other Metronidazole Formulations

Other effects that have been reported in association with the use of topical (dermal) formulations of metronidazole include skin irritation, transient skin erythema, and mild skin dryness and burning. None of these adverse events exceeded an incidence of 2% of patients.

Metronidazole vaginal gel affords minimal peak serum levels and systemic exposure (AUC) of metronidazole compared to 500 mg oral metronidazole dosing. Although these lower levels of exposure are less likely to produce the common reactions seen with oral metronidazole, the possibility of these and other reactions cannot be excluded presently.

The following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported with the oral or parenteral use of metronidazole:

• Cardiovascular: Flattening of the T-wave may be seen in electrocardiographic tracings.
• Central Nervous System: (See WARNINGS ) Headache, dizziness, syncope, ataxia, confusion, convulsive seizures, peripheral neuropathy, vertigo, incoordination, irritability, depression, weakness, insomnia.
• Gastrointestinal: Abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, an unpleasant metallic taste, anorexia, epigastric distress, abdominal cramping, constipation, “furry” tongue, glossitis, stomatitis, pancreatitis, and modification of taste of alcoholic beverages.
• Genitourinary: Overgrowth of Candida in the vagina, dyspareunia, decreased libido, proctitis.
• Hematopoietic: Reversible neutropenia, reversible thrombocytopenia.
• Hypersensitivity Reactions: Urticaria; erythematous rash; flushing; nasal congestion; dryness of the mouth, vagina, or vulva; fever; pruritus; fleeting joint pains.
• Renal: Dysuria, cystitis, polyuria, incontinence, a sense of pelvic pressure, darkened urine.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA at 1 (888) 721-7115 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

Oral metronidazole has been reported to potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and other coumarin anticoagulants, resulting in a prolongation of prothrombin time. This possible drug interaction should be considered when metronidazole vaginal gel is prescribed for patients on this type of anticoagulant therapy.

In patients stabilized on relatively high doses of lithium, short-term oral metronidazole therapy has been associated with elevation of serum lithium levels and, in a few cases, signs of lithium toxicity.

Use of cimetidine with oral metronidazole may prolong the half-life and decrease plasma clearance of metronidazole.

Metronidazole Vaginal Gel is the intravaginal dosage form of the synthetic antibacterial agent, metronidazole, USP at a concentration of 0.75%. Metronidazole is a member of the imidazole class of antibacterial agents and is classified therapeutically as an antiprotozoal and antibacterial agent. Chemically, metronidazole is a 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol. It has a chemical formula of C ₆ H ₉ N ₃ O ₃ , a molecular weight of 171.15 g/mol, and has the following structure:

Metronidazole Vaginal Gel is a gelled, purified water solution, containing metronidazole, USP at a concentration of 7.5 mg/g (0.75%). The gel is formulated at pH 4.0. The gel also contains carbomer 974P, edetate disodium, methylparaben, propylparaben, propylene glycol, and sodium hydroxide.

Each applicator full of 5 grams of vaginal gel contains approximately 37.5 mg of metronidazole, USP.

Normal Subjects

Following a single, intravaginal 5 g dose of metronidazole vaginal gel (equivalent to 37.5 mg of metronidazole) to 12 normal subjects, a mean maximum serum metronidazole concentration of 237 ng/mL was reported (range: 152 to 368 ng/mL). This is approximately 2% of the mean maximum serum metronidazole concentration reported in the same subjects administered a single, oral 500 mg dose of metronidazole (mean C _max = 12,785 ng/mL, range: 10,013 to 17,400 ng/mL). These peak concentrations were obtained in 6 to 12 hours after dosing with metronidazole vaginal gel and 1 to 3 hours after dosing with oral metronidazole.

The extent of exposure [area under the curve (AUC)] of metronidazole, when administered as a single intravaginal 5 g dose of metronidazole vaginal gel (equivalent to 37.5 mg of metronidazole), was approximately 4% of the AUC of a single oral 500 mg dose of metronidazole (4977 ng-hr/mL and approximately 125,000 ng-hr/mL, respectively).

Dose-adjusted comparisons of AUCs demonstrated that, on a mg to mg comparison basis, the absorption of metronidazole, when administered vaginally, was approximately half that of an equivalent oral dosage.

Patients with Bacterial Vaginosis

Following single and multiple 5 g doses of metronidazole vaginal gel to 4 patients with bacterial vaginosis, a mean maximum serum metronidazole concentration of 214 ng/mL on day 1 and 294 ng/mL (range: 228 to 349 ng/mL) on day five were reported. Steady-state metronidazole serum concentrations following oral dosages of 400 to 500 mg BID have been reported to range from 6,000 to 20,000 ng/mL.

Microbiology

The intracellular targets of action of metronidazole on anaerobes are largely unknown. The 5-nitro group of metronidazole is reduced by metabolically active anaerobes, and studies have demonstrated that the reduced form of the drug interacts with bacterial DNA. However, it is not clear whether interaction with DNA alone is an important component in the bactericidal action of metronidazole on anaerobic organisms.

Culture and sensitivity testing of bacteria are not routinely performed to establish the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE ).

Standard methodology for the susceptibility testing of the potential bacterial vaginosis pathogens, Gardnerella vaginalis , Mobiluncus spp., and Mycoplasma hominis , has not been defined. Nonetheless, metronidazole is an antimicrobial agent active in vitro against most strains of the following organisms that have been reported to be associated with bacterial vaginosis:

• Bacteroides spp.
• Gardnerella vaginalis
• Mobiluncus spp .
• Peptostreptococcus spp.

Metronidazole Vaginal Gel, 0.75% is supplied in a 70 g tube and packaged with 5 vaginal applicators.

The NDC number for the 70 g tube is 68462-184-49.

Store at controlled room temperature 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Protect from freezing.